Parallélisme (informatique)vignette|upright=1|Un des éléments de Blue Gene L cabinet, un des supercalculateurs massivement parallèles les plus rapides des années 2000. En informatique, le parallélisme consiste à mettre en œuvre des architectures d'électronique numérique permettant de traiter des informations de manière simultanée, ainsi que les algorithmes spécialisés pour celles-ci. Ces techniques ont pour but de réaliser le plus grand nombre d'opérations en un temps le plus petit possible.
CLOCKCLOCK (from circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) is a gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor that is known to affect both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms. Research shows that the gene plays a major role as an activator of downstream elements in the pathway critical to the generation of circadian rhythms. The CLOCK gene was first identified in 1997 by Joseph Takahashi and his colleagues.
Optimizing compilerIn computing, an optimizing compiler is a compiler that tries to minimize or maximize some attributes of an executable computer program. Common requirements are to minimize a program's execution time, memory footprint, storage size, and power consumption (the last three being popular for portable computers). Compiler optimization is generally implemented using a sequence of optimizing transformations, algorithms which take a program and transform it to produce a semantically equivalent output program that uses fewer resources or executes faster.
Classic RISC pipelineIn the history of computer hardware, some early reduced instruction set computer central processing units (RISC CPUs) used a very similar architectural solution, now called a classic RISC pipeline. Those CPUs were: MIPS, SPARC, Motorola 88000, and later the notional CPU DLX invented for education. Each of these classic scalar RISC designs fetches and tries to execute one instruction per cycle. The main common concept of each design is a five-stage execution instruction pipeline.
Self-replicationSelf-replication is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical or similar copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Biological viruses can replicate, but only by commandeering the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Harmful prion proteins can replicate by converting normal proteins into rogue forms.
Product (business)In marketing, a product is an object, or system, or service made available for consumer use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer. In retailing, products are often referred to as merchandise, and in manufacturing, products are bought as raw materials and then sold as finished goods. A service is also regarded as a type of product. In project management, products are the formal definition of the project deliverables that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project.
Time-sharing system evolutionThis article covers the evolution of time-sharing systems, providing links to major early time-sharing operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution. The meaning of the term time-sharing has shifted from its original usage. From 1949 to 1960, time-sharing was used to refer to multiprogramming; it evolved to mean multi-user interactive computing. Time-sharing Time-sharing was first proposed in the mid- to late-1950s and first implemented in the early 1960s.
Hazard (computer architecture)In the domain of central processing unit (CPU) design, hazards are problems with the instruction pipeline in CPU microarchitectures when the next instruction cannot execute in the following clock cycle, and can potentially lead to incorrect computation results. Three common types of hazards are data hazards, structural hazards, and control hazards (branching hazards). There are several methods used to deal with hazards, including pipeline stalls/pipeline bubbling, operand forwarding, and in the case of out-of-order execution, the scoreboarding method and the Tomasulo algorithm.
Conception de produitLa conception de produit est le processus permettant de matérialiser des concepts, de concrétiser des objets, des biens, des équipements, ou de créer des services, des techniques, voire des systèmes complexes, différents de ceux existants, et qui proposent des réponses en adéquation avec des besoins collectifs ou particuliers, afin d'apporter un bénéfice aux usagers.
Réplication (informatique)En informatique, la réplication est un processus de partage d'informations pour assurer la cohérence de données entre plusieurs sources de données redondantes, pour améliorer la fiabilité, la tolérance aux pannes, ou la disponibilité. On parle de réplication de données si les mêmes données sont dupliquées sur plusieurs périphériques. La réplication n'est pas à confondre avec une sauvegarde : les données sauvegardées ne changent pas dans le temps, reflétant un état fixe des données, tandis que les données répliquées évoluent sans cesse à mesure que les données sources changent.
Design de produitsthumb|Fauteuils design Le design de produits est une conception d'objets usuels répondant à des fonctions au service de l'homme. Plusieurs établissements proposent aujourd'hui un DNMADE (anciennement BTS) design de produits. Design et marketing : Fondements et Méthodes, L'Harmattan, 2007, p.383 Jean-Jacques Urvoy, Sophie Sanchez, Le designer: De la conception à la mise en place du projet, Eyrolles, 2011, p.127 École Boulle, les ateliers et formations au design de produits École supérieure de Design des Lan
Clock skewClock skew (sometimes called timing skew) is a phenomenon in synchronous digital circuit systems (such as computer systems) in which the same sourced clock signal arrives at different components at different times due to gate or, in more advanced semiconductor technology, wire signal propagation delay. The instantaneous difference between the readings of any two clocks is called their skew. The operation of most digital circuits is synchronized by a periodic signal known as a "clock" that dictates the sequence and pacing of the devices on the circuit.
