Parallélisme (informatique)vignette|upright=1|Un des éléments de Blue Gene L cabinet, un des supercalculateurs massivement parallèles les plus rapides des années 2000. En informatique, le parallélisme consiste à mettre en œuvre des architectures d'électronique numérique permettant de traiter des informations de manière simultanée, ainsi que les algorithmes spécialisés pour celles-ci. Ces techniques ont pour but de réaliser le plus grand nombre d'opérations en un temps le plus petit possible.
Pipeline (computing)In computing, a pipeline, also known as a data pipeline, is a set of data processing elements connected in series, where the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion. Some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements. Computer-related pipelines include: Instruction pipelines, such as the classic RISC pipeline, which are used in central processing units (CPUs) and other microprocessors to allow overlapping execution of multiple instructions with the same circuitry.
Partage de photographiesLe partage de photographies (ou « partage photo », angl. : « photo sharing ») consiste en la publication sur Internet de photographies de manière centralisée et partagée : un serveur sert à stocker et à afficher les images de nombreux utilisateurs, le site Web prenant alors la forme d'une grosse communauté. Un nombre important de sites grand public sont apparus, qui permettent ce partage avec des fonctionnalités et des modèles d'usage différents dans la façon d'organiser et de consulter ces images.
Temps partagéLe temps partagé ou pseudo-parallélisme, est une approche permettant de simuler le partage par plusieurs utilisateurs de temps processeur. Il ne faut pas le confondre avec le terme de multitâche : un système peut être multitâche sans être à temps partagé (par exemple s'il dispose de pilotes effectuant des tâches de fond asynchrones) ; il a également existé quelques systèmes de temps partagé qui n'étaient pas multitâches : le processeur divisait simplement son temps en tranches fixes.
CLOCKCLOCK (from circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) is a gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor that is known to affect both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms. Research shows that the gene plays a major role as an activator of downstream elements in the pathway critical to the generation of circadian rhythms. The CLOCK gene was first identified in 1997 by Joseph Takahashi and his colleagues.
Optimizing compilerIn computing, an optimizing compiler is a compiler that tries to minimize or maximize some attributes of an executable computer program. Common requirements are to minimize a program's execution time, memory footprint, storage size, and power consumption (the last three being popular for portable computers). Compiler optimization is generally implemented using a sequence of optimizing transformations, algorithms which take a program and transform it to produce a semantically equivalent output program that uses fewer resources or executes faster.
Classic RISC pipelineIn the history of computer hardware, some early reduced instruction set computer central processing units (RISC CPUs) used a very similar architectural solution, now called a classic RISC pipeline. Those CPUs were: MIPS, SPARC, Motorola 88000, and later the notional CPU DLX invented for education. Each of these classic scalar RISC designs fetches and tries to execute one instruction per cycle. The main common concept of each design is a five-stage execution instruction pipeline.
Self-replicationSelf-replication is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical or similar copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Biological viruses can replicate, but only by commandeering the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Harmful prion proteins can replicate by converting normal proteins into rogue forms.
Product (business)In marketing, a product is an object, or system, or service made available for consumer use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer. In retailing, products are often referred to as merchandise, and in manufacturing, products are bought as raw materials and then sold as finished goods. A service is also regarded as a type of product. In project management, products are the formal definition of the project deliverables that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project.
Produit scalaireEn mathématiques, et plus précisément en algèbre et en géométrie vectorielle, le produit scalaire est une opération algébrique s'ajoutant aux lois s'appliquant aux vecteurs. C'est une forme bilinéaire, symétrique, définie positive. À deux vecteurs, elle associe un scalaire, c'est-à-dire un nombre tel que ceux qui définissent cet espace vectoriel — réel pour un espace vectoriel réel. Si et sont deux vecteurs d'un espace vectoriel E sur le corps R des nombres réels, alors le produit scalaire de u par v est un scalaire (c'est-à-dire un élément de R), noté ∙ , , , ou .
Combinational logicIn automata theory, combinational logic (also referred to as time-independent logic or combinatorial logic ) is a type of digital logic which is implemented by Boolean circuits, where the output is a pure function of the present input only. This is in contrast to sequential logic, in which the output depends not only on the present input but also on the history of the input. In other words, sequential logic has memory while combinational logic does not.
Time-sharing system evolutionThis article covers the evolution of time-sharing systems, providing links to major early time-sharing operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution. The meaning of the term time-sharing has shifted from its original usage. From 1949 to 1960, time-sharing was used to refer to multiprogramming; it evolved to mean multi-user interactive computing. Time-sharing Time-sharing was first proposed in the mid- to late-1950s and first implemented in the early 1960s.
