Module homomorphismIn algebra, a module homomorphism is a function between modules that preserves the module structures. Explicitly, if M and N are left modules over a ring R, then a function is called an R-module homomorphism or an R-linear map if for any x, y in M and r in R, In other words, f is a group homomorphism (for the underlying additive groups) that commutes with scalar multiplication. If M, N are right R-modules, then the second condition is replaced with The of the zero element under f is called the kernel of f.
CohomologyIn mathematics, specifically in homology theory and algebraic topology, cohomology is a general term for a sequence of abelian groups, usually one associated with a topological space, often defined from a cochain complex. Cohomology can be viewed as a method of assigning richer algebraic invariants to a space than homology. Some versions of cohomology arise by dualizing the construction of homology. In other words, cochains are functions on the group of chains in homology theory.
Fundamental groupoidIn algebraic topology, the fundamental groupoid is a certain topological invariant of a topological space. It can be viewed as an extension of the more widely-known fundamental group; as such, it captures information about the homotopy type of a topological space. In terms of , the fundamental groupoid is a certain functor from the category of topological spaces to the category of groupoids. Let X be a topological space. Consider the equivalence relation on continuous paths in X in which two continuous paths are equivalent if they are homotopic with fixed endpoints.
Homologie cellulaireEn mathématiques et plus précisément en topologie algébrique, l'homologie cellulaire est une théorie de l'homologie des CW-complexes. Elle coïncide avec leur homologie singulière et en fournit un moyen de calcul. Si X est un CW-complexe de n-squelette X, les modules d'homologie cellulaire sont définis comme les groupes d'homologie du complexe de chaînes cellulaires Le groupe est le groupe abélien libre dont les générateurs sont les n-cellules de X.
Topologie algébriqueLa topologie algébrique, anciennement appelée topologie combinatoire, est la branche des mathématiques appliquant les outils de l'algèbre dans l'étude des espaces topologiques. Plus exactement, elle cherche à associer de manière naturelle des invariants algébriques aux structures topologiques associées. La naturalité signifie que ces invariants vérifient des propriétés de fonctorialité au sens de la théorie des catégories. L'idée fondamentale est de pouvoir associer à tout espace topologique des objets algébriques (nombre, groupe, espace vectoriel, etc.
Simplicial approximation theoremIn mathematics, the simplicial approximation theorem is a foundational result for algebraic topology, guaranteeing that continuous mappings can be (by a slight deformation) approximated by ones that are piecewise of the simplest kind. It applies to mappings between spaces that are built up from simplices—that is, finite simplicial complexes. The general continuous mapping between such spaces can be represented approximately by the type of mapping that is (affine-) linear on each simplex into another simplex, at the cost (i) of sufficient barycentric subdivision of the simplices of the domain, and (ii) replacement of the actual mapping by a homotopic one.
