Évaluation formativeLes concepts d’évaluation formative et sommative ont été apportés par Michael Scriven en 1967, dans le contexte de l’évaluation de programmes éducatifs (curriculum evaluation). Pour Scriven, une évaluation formative devait permettre à un établissement scolaire d’estimer la capacité de ses programmes scolaires à atteindre leurs objectifs, de façon à guider les choix de l’école pour les améliorer progressivement, au contraire d’une évaluation sommative qui cherche à poser un jugement final sur les programmes : « marchent-ils » ou pas ? Et en conséquence, faut-il les maintenir, les étendre ou les abandonner ? Benjamin Bloom reprend dans les années suivantes cette distinction pour l’appliquer au processus d’apprentissage, notamment dans son ouvrage Handbook on formative and summative evaluation of student learning.
Leadership studiesLeadership studies is a multidisciplinary academic field of study that focuses on leadership in organizational contexts and in human life. Leadership studies has origins in the social sciences (e.g., sociology, anthropology, psychology), in humanities (e.g., history and philosophy), as well as in professional and applied fields of study (e.g., management and education). The field of leadership studies is closely linked to the field of organizational studies.
Convention relative aux droits des personnes handicapéesLa Convention relative aux droits des personnes handicapées - connue également sous le nom de Convention internationale des droits des personnes handicapées (CIDPH) - est une convention internationale pour la dignité, l'égalité devant la loi, les droits humains et les libertés fondamentales des personnes avec des handicaps en tous genres. L’objectif est la pleine jouissance des droits humains fondamentaux par les personnes handicapées et leur participation active à la vie politique, économique, sociale et culturelle.
Leadership styleA leadership style is a leader's method of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Various authors have proposed identifying many different leadership styles as exhibited by leaders in the political, business or other fields. Studies on leadership style are conducted in the military field, expressing an approach that stresses a holistic view of leadership, including how a leader's physical presence determines how others perceive that leader.
Trait leadershipTrait leadership is defined as integrated patterns of personal characteristics that reflect a range of individual differences and foster consistent leader effectiveness across a variety of group and organizational situations (Zaccaro, Kemp, & Bader, 2004; Zaccaro 2007). The theory of trait leadership is developed from early leadership research which focused primarily on finding a group of heritable attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders.
Strategic thinkingStrategic thinking is a mental or thinking process applied by an individual in the context of achieving a goal or set of goals. As a cognitive activity, it produces thought. When applied in an organizational strategic management process, strategic thinking involves the generation and application of unique business insights and opportunities intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or organization. It can be done individually, as well as collaboratively among key people who can positively alter an organization's future.
Production planningProduction planning is the planning of production and manufacturing modules in a company or industry. It utilizes the resource allocation of activities of employees, materials and production capacity, in order to serve different customers. Different types of production methods, such as single item manufacturing, batch production, mass production, continuous production etc. have their own type of production planning. Production planning can be combined with production control into production planning and control, or it can be combined with enterprise resource planning.
Business planLe plan d'affaires, ou plan de développement, ou encore business plan, est un document officiel qui formalise par écrit les projections de développement d'une entreprise. Découlant du modèle d'entreprise, il définit les objectifs à atteindre ainsi que les méthodes et les délais nécessaires pour y parvenir. Il décrit également la nature des affaires, donne des informations de base sur l'organisation de l’entreprise, ses projections financières et les stratégies qu'elle entend mettre en œuvre.
EvaluationIn common usage, evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, design, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realisable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed.
Chaîne de valeurLa chaîne de valeur est l'ensemble des étapes déterminant la capacité d'un domaine d'activité stratégique (DAS), d'une entreprise ou d'une organisation à obtenir un avantage concurrentiel. Ces étapes correspondent aux services de l'entreprise ou, de manière arbitraire, aux activités complexes imbriquées qui constituent l'organisation. Déterminer la chaîne de valeur d'une entreprise peut se définir comme le fait d'étudier précisément les activités de l’entreprise afin de mettre en évidence ses fonctions clés, c’est-à-dire celles qui ont un impact réel en termes de coût ou de qualité et qui lui donneront un avantage concurrentiel.
Educational assessmentEducational assessment or educational evaluation is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning. Assessment data can be obtained from directly examining student work to assess the achievement of learning outcomes or can be based on data from which one can make inferences about learning. Assessment is often used interchangeably with test, but not limited to tests.
Transformational leadershipTransformational leadership is a theory of leadership where a leader works with teams or followers beyond their immediate self-interests to identify needed change, creating a vision to guide the change through influence, inspiration, and executing the change in tandem with committed members of a group; This change in self-interests elevates the follower's levels of maturity and ideals, as well as their concerns for the achievement. it is an integral part of the Full Range Leadership Model.
