Théorème de Bayesvignette|Théorème de Bayes sur néon bleu, dans les bureaux d’Autonomy à Cambridge. Le théorème de Bayes ( ) est l'un des principaux théorèmes de la théorie des probabilités. Il est aussi utilisé en statistiques du fait de son application, qui permet de déterminer la probabilité qu'un événement arrive à partir d'un autre évènement qui s'est réalisé, notamment quand ces deux évènements sont interdépendants.
Statistical parameterIn statistics, as opposed to its general use in mathematics, a parameter is any measured quantity of a statistical population that summarises or describes an aspect of the population, such as a mean or a standard deviation. If a population exactly follows a known and defined distribution, for example the normal distribution, then a small set of parameters can be measured which completely describes the population, and can be considered to define a probability distribution for the purposes of extracting samples from this population.
ParameterA parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. Parameter has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition.
Sampling errorIn statistics, sampling errors are incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. It can produced biased results. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics of the sample (often known as estimators), such as means and quartiles, generally differ from the statistics of the entire population (known as parameters). The difference between the sample statistic and population parameter is considered the sampling error.
Nonprobability samplingSampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population or to inform about (social) processes that are meaningful beyond the particular cases, individuals or sites studied. Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated. In cases where external validity is not of critical importance to the study's goals or purpose, researchers might prefer to use nonprobability sampling.
Échantillonnage stratifiévignette|Vous prenez un échantillon aléatoire stratifié en divisant d'abord la population en groupes homogènes (semblables en eux-mêmes) (strates) qui sont distincts les uns des autres, c'est-à-dire. Le groupe 1 est différent du groupe 2. Ensuite, choisissez un EAS (échantillon aléatoire simple) distinct dans chaque strate et combinez ces EAS pour former l'échantillon complet. L'échantillonnage aléatoire stratifié est utilisé pour produire des échantillons non biaisés.
Bayes estimatorIn estimation theory and decision theory, a Bayes estimator or a Bayes action is an estimator or decision rule that minimizes the posterior expected value of a loss function (i.e., the posterior expected loss). Equivalently, it maximizes the posterior expectation of a utility function. An alternative way of formulating an estimator within Bayesian statistics is maximum a posteriori estimation. Suppose an unknown parameter is known to have a prior distribution .
Loi d'extremum généraliséeEn probabilité et statistique, la loi d'extrémum généralisée est une famille de lois de probabilité continues qui servent à représenter des phénomènes de valeurs extrêmes (minimum ou maximum). Elle comprend la loi de Gumbel, la loi de Fréchet et la loi de Weibull, respectivement lois d'extrémum de type I, II et III. Le théorème de Fisher-Tippett-Gnedenko établit que la loi d'extremum généralisée est la distribution limite du maximum (adéquatement normalisé) d'une série de variables aléatoires indépendantes de même distribution (iid).
Thomas BayesThomas Bayes ( , né env. en 1702 à Londres - mort le à Tunbridge Wells, dans le Kent) est un mathématicien britannique et pasteur de l'Église presbytérienne, connu pour avoir formulé le théorème de Bayes. Thomas Bayes est issu d'une famille de protestants, qui étaient couteliers. Il reçoit une éducation privée et en 1719, il part pour l'université d’Édimbourg, afin d'étudier la théologie. À la fin des années 1720, il est nommé pasteur à Tunbridge Wells, près de Londres.
Sampling frameIn statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions. Importance of the sampling frame is stressed by Jessen and Salant and Dillman. In many practical situations the frame is a matter of choice to the survey planner, and sometimes a critical one. [...] Some very worthwhile investigations are not undertaken at all because of the lack of an apparent frame; others, because of faulty frames, have ended in a disaster or in cloud of doubt.
Point estimationIn statistics, point estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a single value (known as a point estimate since it identifies a point in some parameter space) which is to serve as a "best guess" or "best estimate" of an unknown population parameter (for example, the population mean). More formally, it is the application of a point estimator to the data to obtain a point estimate. Point estimation can be contrasted with interval estimation: such interval estimates are typically either confidence intervals, in the case of frequentist inference, or credible intervals, in the case of Bayesian inference.
Bayes factorThe Bayes factor is a ratio of two competing statistical models represented by their evidence, and is used to quantify the support for one model over the other. The models in questions can have a common set of parameters, such as a null hypothesis and an alternative, but this is not necessary; for instance, it could also be a non-linear model compared to its linear approximation. The Bayes factor can be thought of as a Bayesian analog to the likelihood-ratio test, although it uses the (integrated) marginal likelihood rather than the maximized likelihood.
