Cancer de l'ovaireLe est une forme de cancer affectant un ovaire. Il se développe généralement à partir du revêtement de surface des ovaires. La forme la plus fréquente est le carcinome épithélial de l'ovaire. Les formes rares, comme les tumeurs germinales de l'ovaire ou les tumeurs borderline , justifient d'une prise en charge spécifique. Le cancer de l'ovaire est en général de mauvais pronostic car découvert souvent tardivement. L'ovaire est situé dans le petit bassin et une lésion tumorale peut se développer lentement sans signes cliniques.
Division cellulairethumb|upright=1.2| Schémas des différents types de divisions cellulaires. La division cellulaire est le mode de multiplication de toute cellule. Elle lui permet de se diviser en plusieurs cellules (deux le plus souvent). C'est donc un processus fondamental dans le monde vivant, puisqu'il est nécessaire à la régénération de tout organisme. Chez les Eucaryotes — caractérisés principalement par des cellules qui possèdent un noyau — il y a deux types de division cellulaire : La mitose qui n'autorise qu'une multiplication asexuée; elle permet la régénération d'un organe, et aussi la croissance.
Senescence-associated secretory phenotypeSenescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is a phenotype associated with senescent cells wherein those cells secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines, immune modulators, growth factors, and proteases. SASP may also consist of exosomes and ectosomes containing enzymes, microRNA, DNA fragments, chemokines, and other bioactive factors. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor is part of SASP, and has been used to identify senescent cells for senolytic therapy.
CDKN2ACDKN2A, also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, is a gene which in humans is located at chromosome 9, band p21.3. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. The gene codes for two proteins, including the INK4 family member p16 (or p16INK4a) and p14arf. Both act as tumor suppressors by regulating the cell cycle. p16 inhibits cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4 and CDK6) and thereby activates the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins, which block traversal from G1 to S-phase.
Cell damageCell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself.
Apoptosevignette|381x381px|La desquamation de l'épiderme est due à la mort cellulaire des cellules de l'épiderme. Sur la photo, la desquamation est pathologique et liée à une scarlatine. L'apoptose (ou mort cellulaire programmée) est le processus par lequel des cellules déclenchent leur autodestruction en réponse à un signal. C'est l'une des voies possibles de la mort cellulaire, qui est physiologique, génétiquement programmée, nécessaire au développement et à la survie des organismes multicellulaires.
Stem-cell nicheStem-cell niche refers to a microenvironment, within the specific anatomic location where stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem-cell microenvironment. During embryonic development, various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to alter gene expression, and induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus.
P16Le p16 est une protéine suppresseuse de tumeur également connue sous le nom d'inhibiteur de kinase cycline-dépendante 2A (CDKN2A). Elle est un inhibiteur du complexe CDK4/CDK6-Cycline D. Ce complexe phosphoryle pRB (protéine du rétinoblastome), ce qui a pour conséquence de l'empêcher de se lier au facteur de transcription E2F. Celui-ci peut alors activer la transcription de nombreux gènes favorisant le passage de la cellule de la phase G1 à la phase S.
CHEK2CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. CHK2 is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers. The CHEK2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.1. Its location on chromosome 22 stretches from base pair 28,687,742 to base pair 28,741,904. The CHEK2 protein encoded by the CHEK2 gene is a serine threonine kinase.
Cellular senescenceCellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as "replicative senescence", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways.
Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
