Exact solutions in general relativityIn general relativity, an exact solution is a solution of the Einstein field equations whose derivation does not invoke simplifying assumptions, though the starting point for that derivation may be an idealized case like a perfectly spherical shape of matter. Mathematically, finding an exact solution means finding a Lorentzian manifold equipped with tensor fields modeling states of ordinary matter, such as a fluid, or classical non-gravitational fields such as the electromagnetic field.
Champ solénoïdalthumb|Champ solénoïdal En analyse vectorielle, un champ solénoïdal ou champ incompressible désigne un champ vectoriel dont la divergence est nulle, ou de manière équivalente dont le flot préserve le volume euclidien. L’incompressibilité fait référence à la conservation du volume.
Dérivée totaleEn analyse, la dérivée totale d'une fonction est une généralisation du nombre dérivé pour les fonctions à plusieurs variables. Cette notion est utilisée dans divers domaines de la physique et tout particulièrement en mécanique des milieux continus et en mécanique des fluides dans lesquels les grandeurs dépendent à la fois du temps et de la position. Soit une fonction à plusieurs variables et , , fonctions de .
Generalizations of the derivativeIn mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental construction of differential calculus and admits many possible generalizations within the fields of mathematical analysis, combinatorics, algebra, geometry, etc. The Fréchet derivative defines the derivative for general normed vector spaces . Briefly, a function , an open subset of , is called Fréchet differentiable at if there exists a bounded linear operator such that Functions are defined as being differentiable in some open neighbourhood of , rather than at individual points, as not doing so tends to lead to many pathological counterexamples.
Power ruleIn calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form , whenever is a real number. Since differentiation is a linear operation on the space of differentiable functions, polynomials can also be differentiated using this rule. The power rule underlies the Taylor series as it relates a power series with a function's derivatives. Let be a function satisfying for all , where . Then, The power rule for integration states that for any real number . It can be derived by inverting the power rule for differentiation.
Dérivée logarithmiqueEn mathématiques et plus particulièrement en analyse et en analyse complexe, la dérivée logarithmique d'une fonction f dérivable ne s'annulant pas est la fonction : où f est la dérivée de f. Lorsque la fonction f est à valeurs réelles strictement positives, la dérivée logarithmique coïncide avec la dérivée de la composée de f par la fonction logarithme ln, comme le montre la formule de la dérivée d'une composée de fonctions.
Wirtinger derivativesIn complex analysis of one and several complex variables, Wirtinger derivatives (sometimes also called Wirtinger operators), named after Wilhelm Wirtinger who introduced them in 1927 in the course of his studies on the theory of functions of several complex variables, are partial differential operators of the first order which behave in a very similar manner to the ordinary derivatives with respect to one real variable, when applied to holomorphic functions, antiholomorphic functions or simply differentiabl
Pente (mathématiques)En mathématiques, la pente d'une droite, son coefficient angulaire ou encore son coefficient directeur, est un nombre qui permet de décrire à la fois le sens de l'inclinaison de la droite (si la droite monte quand on la parcourt de la gauche vers la droite, le nombre est positif, si la droite descend, le nombre est négatif) et la force de celle-ci (plus le nombre est grand en valeur absolue, plus la pente est forte). En géométrie cartésienne, le coefficient directeur d'une droite, non parallèle au deuxième axe de coordonnées, désigne le coefficient de l'équation de la droite, .
Lie bracket of vector fieldsIn the mathematical field of differential topology, the Lie bracket of vector fields, also known as the Jacobi–Lie bracket or the commutator of vector fields, is an operator that assigns to any two vector fields X and Y on a smooth manifold M a third vector field denoted [X, Y]. Conceptually, the Lie bracket [X, Y] is the derivative of Y along the flow generated by X, and is sometimes denoted ("Lie derivative of Y along X"). This generalizes to the Lie derivative of any tensor field along the flow generated by X.
Slope stabilitySlope stability refers to the condition of inclined soil or rock slopes to withstand or undergo movement; the opposite condition is called slope instability or slope failure. The stability condition of slopes is a subject of study and research in soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Analyses are generally aimed at understanding the causes of an occurred slope failure, or the factors that can potentially trigger a slope movement, resulting in a landslide, as well as at preventing the initiation of such movement, slowing it down or arresting it through mitigation countermeasures.
Vacuum solution (general relativity)In general relativity, a vacuum solution is a Lorentzian manifold whose Einstein tensor vanishes identically. According to the Einstein field equation, this means that the stress–energy tensor also vanishes identically, so that no matter or non-gravitational fields are present. These are distinct from the electrovacuum solutions, which take into account the electromagnetic field in addition to the gravitational field.
