Une inégalité sociale, est une différence dans l’accès à des ressources sociales rares et valorisées, ressources étant entendu au sens le plus large, incluant toutes les possibilités d'actions humaines : politique, économique, culturelle, sociale, sexuelle, etc.. Les inégalités sociales sont donc le résultat d'une distribution inégale des ressources au sein d’une société. Les inégalités sont au fondement de la stratification des sociétés humaines. En effet, l'accès inégal aux ressources socialement valorisées distribue les individus en différents groupes sociaux.
L’économie du bien-être est une branche de l'économie qui s'intéresse à la définition et à la mesure du bien-être social, ainsi qu'au cadre d'étude à partir duquel sont conçues les politiques publiques. Elle cherche principalement à répondre à la question : « Entre plusieurs situations économiques possibles - chaque situation étant caractérisée par la façon dont sont réparties les ressources et les revenus, laquelle est la meilleure ? ».
A theoretical definition defines a term in an academic discipline, functioning as a proposal to see a phenomenon in a certain way. A theoretical definition is a proposed way of thinking about potentially related events. Theoretical definitions contain built-in theories; they cannot be simply reduced to describing a set of observations. The definition may contain implicit inductions and deductive consequences that are part of the theory. A theoretical definition of a term can change, over time, based on the methods in the field that created it.
A living wage is defined as the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs. This is not the same as a subsistence wage, which refers to a biological minimum, or a solidarity wage, which refers to a minimum wage tracking labor productivity. Needs are defined to include food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing. The goal of a living wage is to allow a worker to afford a basic but decent standard of living through employment without government subsidies.
International inequality refers to inequality between countries, as compared to global inequality, which is inequality between people across countries. International inequality research has primarily been concentrated on the rise of international income inequality, but other aspects include educational and health inequality, as well as differences in medical access. Reducing inequality within and among countries is the 10th goal of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring that no one is left behind is central to achieving them.