Visual memoryVisual memory describes the relationship between perceptual processing and the encoding, storage and retrieval of the resulting neural representations. Visual memory occurs over a broad time range spanning from eye movements to years in order to visually navigate to a previously visited location. Visual memory is a form of memory which preserves some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. We are able to place in memory visual information which resembles objects, places, animals or people in a mental image.
ActualitéNews is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events. News is sometimes called "hard news" to differentiate it from soft media. Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, fashion, entertainment, and sport, as well as quirky or unusual events.
Bayesian linear regressionBayesian linear regression is a type of conditional modeling in which the mean of one variable is described by a linear combination of other variables, with the goal of obtaining the posterior probability of the regression coefficients (as well as other parameters describing the distribution of the regressand) and ultimately allowing the out-of-sample prediction of the regressand (often labelled ) conditional on observed values of the regressors (usually ).
Segmented regressionSegmented regression, also known as piecewise regression or broken-stick regression, is a method in regression analysis in which the independent variable is partitioned into intervals and a separate line segment is fit to each interval. Segmented regression analysis can also be performed on multivariate data by partitioning the various independent variables. Segmented regression is useful when the independent variables, clustered into different groups, exhibit different relationships between the variables in these regions.
News mediaThe news media or news industry are forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public. These include news agencies, newspapers, news magazines, news channels etc. Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Europe. These handwritten newsletters contained news about wars, economic conditions, and social customs and were circulated among merchants. The first printed news appeared by the late 1400s in German pamphlets that contained content that was often highly sensationalized.
Mémoire (psychologie)thumb|350px|Les formes et fonctions de la mémoire en sciences. En psychologie, la mémoire est la faculté de l'esprit d'enregistrer, conserver et rappeler les expériences passées. Son investigation est réalisée par différentes disciplines : psychologie cognitive, neuropsychologie, et psychanalyse. thumb|Pyramide des cinq systèmes de mémoire. Le courant cognitiviste classique regroupe habituellement sous le terme de mémoire les processus dencodage, de stockage et de récupération des représentations mentales.
Simple linear regressionIn statistics, simple linear regression is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points with one independent variable and one dependent variable (conventionally, the x and y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear function (a non-vertical straight line) that, as accurately as possible, predicts the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variable. The adjective simple refers to the fact that the outcome variable is related to a single predictor.
Infoxvignette|Manifestation aux États-Unis en 2017 contre la prolifération des infox. Les infox, fausses nouvelles, fausses informations, informations fallacieuses, canards, fake news (), sont des nouvelles mensongères diffusées dans le but de manipuler ou de tromper le public. Les articles contenant de fausses nouvelles emploient souvent des titres accrocheurs ou des informations entièrement fabriquées en vue d'augmenter le nombre de lecteurs et de partages en ligne.
Bayesian multivariate linear regressionIn statistics, Bayesian multivariate linear regression is a Bayesian approach to multivariate linear regression, i.e. linear regression where the predicted outcome is a vector of correlated random variables rather than a single scalar random variable. A more general treatment of this approach can be found in the article MMSE estimator. Consider a regression problem where the dependent variable to be predicted is not a single real-valued scalar but an m-length vector of correlated real numbers.
False memory syndromeIn psychology, false memory syndrome (FMS) was a controversial proposed condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by what are believed to be false memories of psychological trauma, recollections which are strongly believed but factually contested by the accused. Peter J. Freyd originated the term partly to explain what he said was a false accusation of sexual abuse made against him by his daughter Jennifer Freyd and his False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) subsequently popularized the concept.
Gradient boostingGradient boosting is a machine learning technique used in regression and classification tasks, among others. It gives a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, i.e., models that make very few assumptions about the data, which are typically simple decision trees. When a decision tree is the weak learner, the resulting algorithm is called gradient-boosted trees; it usually outperforms random forest.
Linear least squaresLinear least squares (LLS) is the least squares approximation of linear functions to data. It is a set of formulations for solving statistical problems involved in linear regression, including variants for ordinary (unweighted), weighted, and generalized (correlated) residuals. Numerical methods for linear least squares include inverting the matrix of the normal equations and orthogonal decomposition methods. The three main linear least squares formulations are: Ordinary least squares (OLS) is the most common estimator.
Emotion and memoryEmotion can have a powerful effect on humans and animals. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events, which are likely to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events. The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can be linked to human evolution; during early development, responsive behavior to environmental events would have progressed as a process of trial and error.
Mortvignette|Le crâne humain est un symbole universel de la mort. vignette|Le Baiser de la Mort, célèbre sculpture de Barcelone (1930). La mort est l'état irréversible d'un organisme biologique ayant cessé de vivre. Cet état se caractérise par une rupture définitive dans la cohérence des processus vitaux (nutrition, respiration...) de l'organisme considéré. Au niveau cellulaire, la mort désigne l’arrêt des fonctions de base d’une cellule. Au sein de communautés pluricellulaires, cette mort peut être accidentelle (nécrose) ou régulée, voire programmée (apoptose).
AdaBoostAdaBoost (ou adaptive boosting) est, en intelligence artificielle et en apprentissage automatique, un méta-algorithme de boosting introduit par Yoav Freund et Robert Schapire. Il peut être utilisé en association avec de nombreux autres types d'algorithmes d'apprentissage afin d'en améliorer les performances. Les sorties des autres algorithmes (appelés classifieurs faibles) sont combinées en une somme pondérée qui représente la sortie finale du classeur boosté.
Memory consolidationMemory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition. A memory trace is a change in the nervous system caused by memorizing something. Consolidation is distinguished into two specific processes. The first, synaptic consolidation, which is thought to correspond to late-phase long-term potentiation, occurs on a small scale in the synaptic connections and neural circuits within the first few hours after learning.
Memory and agingAge-related memory loss, sometimes described as "normal aging" (also spelled "ageing" in British English), is qualitatively different from memory loss associated with types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, and is believed to have a different brain mechanism. Mild cognitive impairment Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which people face memory problems more often than that of the average person their age. These symptoms, however, do not prevent them from carrying out normal activities and are not as severe as the symptoms for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Analyse des donnéesL’analyse des données (aussi appelée analyse exploratoire des données ou AED) est une famille de méthodes statistiques dont les principales caractéristiques sont d'être multidimensionnelles et descriptives. Dans l'acception française, la terminologie « analyse des données » désigne donc un sous-ensemble de ce qui est appelé plus généralement la statistique multivariée. Certaines méthodes, pour la plupart géométriques, aident à faire ressortir les relations pouvant exister entre les différentes données et à en tirer une information statistique qui permet de décrire de façon plus succincte les principales informations contenues dans ces données.
Autobiographical memoryAutobiographical memory (AM) is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. It is thus a type of explicit memory. Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) proposed that autobiographical memory is constructed within a self-memory system (SMS), a conceptual model composed of an autobiographical knowledge base and the working self.
Regroupement hiérarchiqueDans le domaine de l'analyse et de la classification automatique de données, le regroupement hiérarchique est un partitionnement de données ou clustering, au moyen de diverses méthodes, dites « ascendantes » et « descendantes ». Les méthodes dites « descendantes » partent d’une solution générale vers une autre plus spécifique. Les méthodes de cette catégorie démarrent avec une seule classe contenant la totalité puis se divisent à chaque étape selon un critère jusqu’à l’obtention d’un ensemble de classes différentes.
