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Séance de cours

Synapses : Dynamique neuronale

Description

Cette séance de cours couvre le rôle des synapses dans la neuroscience computationnelle, en mettant l'accent sur la libération des neurotransmetteurs, les canaux ioniques post-synaptiques et différents types de synapses. Il examine également les modèles de synapses excitatrices et inhibiteurs, y compris les récepteurs AMPA et NMDA.

Dans MOOC

Dynamique neuronale - Neuroscience computationnelle des neurones uniques

Source officielle

Proximité ontologique

Biologie

Biologie cellulaire: Neurotransmission

Concepts associés (32)

Synapse

thumb|400px|Synapse entre deux neurones. La synapse (du grec , « contact, point de jonction », dérivé de , « joindre, connecter ») est une zone de contact fonctionnelle qui s'établit entre deux neurones, ou entre un neurone et une autre cellule (cellules musculaires, récepteurs sensoriels...). Elle assure la conversion d'un potentiel d'action déclenché dans le neurone présynaptique en un signal dans la cellule postsynaptique. On estime, pour certains types cellulaires (par exemple cellule pyramidale, cellule de Purkinje.

Chemical synapse

Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.

Electrical synapse

An electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neighboring neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, such cells approach within about 3.8 nm of each other, a much shorter distance than the 20- to 40-nanometer distance that separates cells at chemical synapse. In many animals, electrical synapse-based systems co-exist with chemical synapses.

Potentiel postsynaptique inhibiteur

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential. IPSPs were first investigated in motorneurons by David P. C. Lloyd, John Eccles and Rodolfo Llinás in the 1950s and 1960s. The opposite of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), which is a synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential.

Excitatory synapse

An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travels, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells of neurons. These electrical signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, and, if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock, thus transmitting the information to yet another cell.

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Séances de cours associées (32)

Comprendre la transmission synaptique

Explore la transmission synaptique, les neurotransmetteurs et les principes de plasticité neuronale.

Transmission synaptique: Structure et Mécanismes MOOC: Simulation de la neuroscience

Explore la structure et la fonction des synapses, y compris la diversité des neurotransmetteurs et le rôle des récepteurs AMPA et NMDA.

Modélisation du potentiel synaptique MOOC: Simulation de la neuroscience

Explore la modélisation des potentiels synaptiques et les facteurs qui influencent leur amplitude.

Sans titre

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Concepts associés (32)

Synapse

Chemical synapse

Electrical synapse

Potentiel postsynaptique inhibiteur

Excitatory synapse

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