Ensemble finiEn mathématiques, un ensemble fini est un ensemble qui possède un nombre fini d'éléments, c'est-à-dire qu'il est possible de compter ses éléments, le résultat étant un nombre entier. Un ensemble infini est un ensemble qui n'est pas fini. Ainsi l'ensemble des chiffres usuels (en base dix) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} qui possède 10 éléments, est fini. De même l'ensemble des lettres de l'alphabet qui possède 26 éléments. L'ensemble de tous les nombres entiers naturels {0, 1, 2, 3,..., 10,..., 100,...
Partial equivalence relationIn mathematics, a partial equivalence relation (often abbreviated as PER, in older literature also called restricted equivalence relation) is a homogeneous binary relation that is symmetric and transitive. If the relation is also reflexive, then the relation is an equivalence relation. Formally, a relation on a set is a PER if it holds for all that: if , then (symmetry) if and , then (transitivity) Another more intuitive definition is that on a set is a PER if there is some subset of such that and is an equivalence relation on .
Universal setIn set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects, including itself. In set theory as usually formulated, it can be proven in multiple ways that a universal set does not exist. However, some non-standard variants of set theory include a universal set. Many set theories do not allow for the existence of a universal set. There are several different arguments for its non-existence, based on different choices of axioms for set theory. In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the axiom of regularity and axiom of pairing prevent any set from containing itself.
Mathematical diagramMathematical diagrams, such as charts and graphs, are mainly designed to convey mathematical relationships—for example, comparisons over time. A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram The complex plane is sometimes called the Argand plane because it is used in Argand diagrams. These are named after Jean-Robert Argand (1768–1822), although they were first described by Norwegian-Danish land surveyor and mathematician Caspar Wessel (1745–1818).
Diagrammethumb|240px|Diagramme circulaire ou « camembert » Un diagramme est une représentation visuelle simplifiée et structurée des concepts, des idées, des constructions, des relations, des données statistiques, de l'anatomie employé dans tous les aspects des activités humaines pour visualiser et éclaircir la matière. Un diagramme permet aussi de décrire des phénomènes, de mettre en évidence des corrélations en certains facteurs ou de représenter des parties d’un ensemble, au moyen de tracés qui prennent le plus souvent la forme de figures géométriques.
Order dimensionIn mathematics, the dimension of a partially ordered set (poset) is the smallest number of total orders the intersection of which gives rise to the partial order. This concept is also sometimes called the order dimension or the Dushnik–Miller dimension of the partial order. first studied order dimension; for a more detailed treatment of this subject than provided here, see . The dimension of a poset P is the least integer t for which there exists a family of linear extensions of P so that, for every x and y in P, x precedes y in P if and only if it precedes y in all of the linear extensions.
Ensemblevignette|Ensemble de polygones dans un diagramme d'Euler En mathématiques, un ensemble désigne intuitivement un rassemblement d’objets distincts (les éléments de l'ensemble), « une multitude qui peut être comprise comme une totalité » pour paraphraser Georg Cantor qui est à l'origine de la théorie des ensembles. Dans une approche axiomatique, la théorie des ensembles est une théorie de l'appartenance (un élément d'un ensemble est dit « appartenir » à cet ensemble).
Order theoryOrder theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that". This article introduces the field and provides basic definitions. A list of order-theoretic terms can be found in the order theory glossary. Orders are everywhere in mathematics and related fields like computer science. The first order often discussed in primary school is the standard order on the natural numbers e.
Covering relationIn mathematics, especially order theory, the covering relation of a partially ordered set is the binary relation which holds between comparable elements that are immediate neighbours. The covering relation is commonly used to graphically express the partial order by means of the Hasse diagram. Let be a set with a partial order . As usual, let be the relation on such that if and only if and . Let and be elements of . Then covers , written , if and there is no element such that .
Ensemble flouLa théorie des sous-ensembles flous est une théorie mathématique du domaine de l’algèbre abstraite. Elle a été développée par Lotfi Zadeh en 1965 afin de représenter mathématiquement l'imprécision relative à certaines classes d'objets et sert de fondement à la logique floue. Les sous-ensembles flous (ou parties floues) ont été introduits afin de modéliser la représentation humaine des connaissances, et ainsi améliorer les performances des systèmes de décision qui utilisent cette modélisation.
Théorie des ensemblesLa théorie des ensembles est une branche des mathématiques, créée par le mathématicien allemand Georg Cantor à la fin du . La théorie des ensembles se donne comme primitives les notions d'ensemble et d'appartenance, à partir desquelles elle reconstruit les objets usuels des mathématiques : fonctions, relations, entiers naturels, relatifs, rationnels, nombres réels, complexes... C'est pourquoi la théorie des ensembles est considérée comme une théorie fondamentale dont Hilbert a pu dire qu'elle était un « paradis » créé par Cantor pour les mathématiciens.
Set-builder notationIn set theory and its applications to logic, mathematics, and computer science, set-builder notation is a mathematical notation for describing a set by enumerating its elements, or stating the properties that its members must satisfy. Defining sets by properties is also known as set comprehension, set abstraction or as defining a set's intension. Set (mathematics)#Roster notation A set can be described directly by enumerating all of its elements between curly brackets, as in the following two examples: is the set containing the four numbers 3, 7, 15, and 31, and nothing else.
