Double negationIn propositional logic, double negation is the theorem that states that "If a statement is true, then it is not the case that the statement is not true." This is expressed by saying that a proposition A is logically equivalent to not (not-A), or by the formula A ≡ ~(~A) where the sign ≡ expresses logical equivalence and the sign ~ expresses negation. Like the law of the excluded middle, this principle is considered to be a law of thought in classical logic, but it is disallowed by intuitionistic logic.
Lindström quantifierIn mathematical logic, a Lindström quantifier is a generalized polyadic quantifier. Lindström quantifiers generalize first-order quantifiers, such as the existential quantifier, the universal quantifier, and the counting quantifiers. They were introduced by Per Lindström in 1966. They were later studied for their applications in logic in computer science and database query languages. In order to facilitate discussion, some notational conventions need explaining.
Universal quantificationIn mathematical logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any", "for all", or "for any". It expresses that a predicate can be satisfied by every member of a domain of discourse. In other words, it is the predication of a property or relation to every member of the domain. It asserts that a predicate within the scope of a universal quantifier is true of every value of a predicate variable.
Table de véritéUne table de vérité (parfois appelée fonction de vérité) est une table mathématique utilisée en logique classique — en particulier le calcul propositionnel classique et l'algèbre de Boole — pour représenter de manière sémantique des expressions logiques et calculer la valeur de leur fonction relativement à chacun de leurs arguments fonctionnels (chaque combinaison de valeur assumée par leurs variables logiques).
Validité (logique)En logique, la validité est la manière dont les prémisses et la conclusion concordent logiquement dans les arguments réussis. La forme d'une argumentation déductive est dite valide si et seulement si elle utilise des règles d’inférence par lesquelles il est impossible d’obtenir une conclusion fausse à partir de prémisses vraies. Un argument est valide si et seulement si la vérité de ses prémisses entraîne celle de sa conclusion. Il serait contradictoire d'affirmer les prémisses et de nier la conclusion.
Élimination des quantificateursEn logique mathématique, ou plus précisément en théorie des modèles, l'élimination des quantificateurs est l'action consistant à trouver une formule sans quantificateur équivalente à une formule donnée contenant éventuellement des quantificateurs dans la théorie considérée d'un certain langage.
Corps réel closEn mathématiques, un corps réel clos est un corps totalement ordonnable dont aucune extension algébrique propre n'est totalement ordonnable. Les corps suivants sont réels clos : le corps des réels, le sous-corps des réels algébriques, le corps des réels calculables (au sens de Turing), le corps des , le corps des séries de Puiseux à coefficients réels, tout corps superréel (en particulier tout corps hyperréel).
Completeness of the real numbersCompleteness is a property of the real numbers that, intuitively, implies that there are no "gaps" (in Dedekind's terminology) or "missing points" in the real number line. This contrasts with the rational numbers, whose corresponding number line has a "gap" at each irrational value. In the decimal number system, completeness is equivalent to the statement that any infinite string of decimal digits is actually a decimal representation for some real number.
Projectively extended real lineIn real analysis, the projectively extended real line (also called the one-point compactification of the real line), is the extension of the set of the real numbers, , by a point denoted ∞. It is thus the set with the standard arithmetic operations extended where possible, and is sometimes denoted by or The added point is called the point at infinity, because it is considered as a neighbour of both ends of the real line. More precisely, the point at infinity is the limit of every sequence of real numbers whose absolute values are increasing and unbounded.
