Numerical methods for ordinary differential equationsNumerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals. Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation.
Polynôme caractéristiqueEn mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en algèbre linéaire, à toute matrice carrée à coefficients dans un anneau commutatif ou à tout endomorphisme d'un espace vectoriel de dimension finie est associé un polynôme appelé polynôme caractéristique. Il renferme d'importantes informations sur la matrice ou sur l'endomorphisme, comme ses valeurs propres, son déterminant et sa trace. Le théorème de Cayley-Hamilton assure que toute matrice carrée annule son polynôme caractéristique.
Exact solutions in general relativityIn general relativity, an exact solution is a solution of the Einstein field equations whose derivation does not invoke simplifying assumptions, though the starting point for that derivation may be an idealized case like a perfectly spherical shape of matter. Mathematically, finding an exact solution means finding a Lorentzian manifold equipped with tensor fields modeling states of ordinary matter, such as a fluid, or classical non-gravitational fields such as the electromagnetic field.
Fluid solutionIn general relativity, a fluid solution is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the gravitational field is produced entirely by the mass, momentum, and stress density of a fluid. In astrophysics, fluid solutions are often employed as stellar models. (It might help to think of a perfect gas as a special case of a perfect fluid.) In cosmology, fluid solutions are often used as cosmological models.
