Spacecraft designThe design of spacecraft covers a broad area, including the design of both robotic spacecraft (satellites and planetary probes), and spacecraft for human spaceflight (spaceships and space stations). Spacecraft design was born as a discipline in the 1950s and 60s with the advent of American and Soviet space exploration programs. Since then it has progressed, although typically less than comparable terrestrial technologies. This is for a large part due to the challenging space environment, but also to the lack of basic R&D, and to other cultural factors within the design community.
Sortie extravéhiculairevignette|Aldrin au cours d'une de ses EVAGemini 12, novembre 1966 vignette|Aldrin, deuxième être humain sur la LuneApollo 11, juillet 1969 thumb|Devant Duke, Mattingly lors de la deuxième EVA entre Terre et LuneApollo 16, avril 1972 vignette|Owen Garriott près de l'ATMSkylab 2, août 1973 Une sortie extravéhiculaire, ou activité extravéhiculaire, (désignée parfois par son sigle anglais EVA pour extra-vehicular activity) est une activité réalisée à l'extérieur d'un véhicule spatial par un astronaute revêtu d'
Vol spatial habitéUn vol spatial habité est un vol spatial emportant un équipage humain à bord d'un véhicule spatial. Il se différencie des sondes spatiales ou des satellites artificiels contrôlés à distance. À ce jour, seuls trois pays (l'URSS puis la Russie, les États-Unis et la Chine) sont capables d'envoyer des hommes dans l'espace. Histoire du vol spatial L'idée d'envoyer un homme dans l'espace, voire sur une autre planète, est très ancienne. En 125 environ, par exemple, le Syrien Lucien de Samosate écrivit en grec Une histoire vraie (), un récit relatant le voyage d'Ulysse jusqu'à la Lune.
Circular definitionA circular definition is a type of definition that uses the term(s) being defined as part of the description or assumes that the term(s) being described are already known. There are several kinds of circular definition, and several ways of characterising the term: pragmatic, lexicographic and linguistic. Circular definitions are related to Circular reasoning in that they both involve a self-referential approach. Circular definitions may be unhelpful if the audience must either already know the meaning of the key term, or if the term to be defined is used in the definition itself.
Exploration spatialevignette|Les premiers pas d'humains sur la Lune : Buzz Aldrin photographié par Neil Armstrong sur la surface lunaire le pour la mission Apollo 11. L'exploration spatiale est l'ensemble des activités qui sont réalisées dans l'espace. Elles reposent sur des techniques spécifiques relevant de l'astronautique qui permettent la réalisation de lanceurs, de satellites, de sondes spatiales, d'équipements et d'instruments spécifiques. L'exploration de l'espace remplit des objectifs scientifiques, économiques, ou militaires.
Theoretical definitionA theoretical definition defines a term in an academic discipline, functioning as a proposal to see a phenomenon in a certain way. A theoretical definition is a proposed way of thinking about potentially related events. Theoretical definitions contain built-in theories; they cannot be simply reduced to describing a set of observations. The definition may contain implicit inductions and deductive consequences that are part of the theory. A theoretical definition of a term can change, over time, based on the methods in the field that created it.
Type (informatique)vignette|Présentation des principaux types de données. En programmation informatique, un type de donnée, ou simplement un type, définit la nature des valeurs que peut prendre une donnée, ainsi que les opérateurs qui peuvent lui être appliqués. La plupart des langages de programmation de haut niveau offrent des types de base correspondant aux données qui peuvent être traitées directement — à savoir : sans conversion ou formatage préalable — par le processeur.
Primitive data typeIn computer science, primitive data types are a set of basic data types from which all other data types are constructed. Specifically it often refers to the limited set of data representations in use by a particular processor, which all compiled programs must use. Most processors support a similar set of primitive data types, although the specific representations vary. More generally, "primitive data types" may refer to the standard data types built into a programming language (built-in types).
Genus–differentia definitionA genus–differentia definition is a type of intensional definition, and it is composed of two parts: a genus (or family): An existing definition that serves as a portion of the new definition; all definitions with the same genus are considered members of that genus. the differentia: The portion of the definition that is not provided by the genus. For example, consider these two definitions: a triangle: A plane figure that has 3 straight bounding sides. a quadrilateral: A plane figure that has 4 straight bounding sides.
Human presence in spaceHuman presence in space is about humanity in space, particularly about all anthropogenic presence in space and human activity in space, that is in outer space and in a broader sense also on any extraterrestrial astronomical body. Humans have been present in space either, in the common sense, through their direct presence and activity like human spaceflight, or through mediation of their presence and activity like with uncrewed spaceflight, making "telepresence" possible.
Type systemIn computer programming, a type system is a logical system comprising a set of rules that assigns a property called a type (for example, integer, floating point, string) to every "term" (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Usually the terms are various constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions, or modules. A type system dictates the operations that can be performed on a term. For variables, the type system determines the allowed values of that term.
