Immunité cellulaireCell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
MuscleLe muscle est un organe composé de tissu mou retrouvé chez les animaux. Il est composé de tissus musculaires et de tissus conjonctifs (+ vaisseaux sanguins + nerfs). Les cellules musculaires (composant le tissu musculaire) contiennent des filaments protéiques d'actine et de myosine qui glissent les uns sur les autres, produisant une contraction qui modifie à la fois la longueur et la forme de la cellule. Les muscles fonctionnent pour produire de la force et du mouvement.
HypoaldosteronismHypoaldosteronism is an endocrinological disorder characterized by decreased levels of the hormone aldosterone. Similarly, isolated hypoaldosteronism is the condition of having lowered aldosterone without corresponding changes in cortisol. (The two hormones are both produced by the adrenals.) Hypoaldosteronism causes low sodium (hyponatremia), high potassium (hyperkalemia), and metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces excess acid.
Fatty acid metabolismFatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. These processes can mainly be divided into (1) catabolic processes that generate energy and (2) anabolic processes where they serve as building blocks for other compounds. In catabolism, fatty acids are metabolized to produce energy, mainly in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Inflammationvignette|Un abcès sur la peau, montrant une zone rougie correspondant à l’inflammation. Un cercle de tissus nécrosés est présent ainsi que du pus. vignette|droite|Orteil infecté présentant une inflammation aiguë (rougeur et œdème). L'inflammation est la réaction stéréotypée du système immunitaire, face à une agression externe (infection, trauma, brûlure, allergie) ou interne (cellules cancéreuses) des tissus. C'est un processus dit ubiquitaire ou universel qui concerne tous les tissus, faisant intervenir l'immunité innée et l'immunité adaptative.
Lipid metabolismLipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol.
Bone remodelingBone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading. In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced.
Immunothérapievignette|Thérapie adoptive par lymphocytes T (non annotée). Les lymphocytes T spécifiques du cancer peuvent être obtenus par fragmentation et isolement des lymphocytes infiltrant la tumeur, ou par génie génétique des cellules du sang périphérique. Les cellules sont activées L' consiste à administrer des substances stimulant les défenses immunitaires du malade pour lutter contre des pathologies installées, le plus souvent des cancers, voire contre des maladies dégénératives.
Muscle striévignette|Muscle strié de la langue d'un lapin photographié à l'aide d'un microscope. Le muscle strié est un tissu musculaire caractérisé par la présence de stries en microscopie, du fait de l'organisation régulière des filaments. Il peut désigner deux types de muscles différents : le muscle strié squelettique, le muscle strié cardiaque. Il s'oppose au muscle lisse. En musculation, par abus de langage, un muscle strié est défini comme étant un muscle dense et nettement visible sous la peau par un corps sec et dépourvu de rétention d'eau.
Electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide layer, serving as the cathode or negative plate of the capacitor. Because of their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic capacitors have a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product per unit volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so can have large capacitance values.
Glucidevignette|150px|Par exemple, le glucose est un glucide à six carbones, cinq groupes hydroxyle et un groupe aldéhyde. vignette|Les grains et céréales contiennent une grande quantité de glucides. Les glucides sont définis par l'Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée (UICPA) comme une classe de composés organiques contenant un groupe carbonyle (aldéhyde ou cétone) et au moins deux groupes hydroxyle (-OH).
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolismInborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism are inborn error of metabolism that affect the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates. An example is lactose intolerance. Carbohydrates account for a major portion of the human diet. These carbohydrates are composed of three principal monosaccharides: glucose, fructose and galactose; in addition glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans. The failure to effectively use these molecules accounts for the majority of the inborn errors of human carbohydrates metabolism.
