Le C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40) est une organisation qui vise à lutter contre le dérèglement climatique. Créée en 2005 par le maire de Londres Ken Livingstone, l'organisation rassemble 94 des plus grandes villes du monde ainsi que 6 villes observatrices, représentant 49 pays différents. Elle représente 600 millions d'habitants et du PIB mondial, mais aussi de l'émission de gaz à effet de serre. Depuis 2021, son président est Sadiq Khan, maire de Londres.
Resource recovery is using wastes as an input material to create valuable products as new outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated, thereby reducing the need for landfill space, and optimising the values created from waste. Resource recovery delays the need to use raw materials in the manufacturing process. Materials found in municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, commercial waste and industrial wastes can be used to recover resources for the manufacturing of new materials and products.
A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity. For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds.