Neuronethumb|537x537px|Schéma complet d’un neurone. Un neurone, ou une cellule nerveuse, est une cellule excitable constituant l'unité fonctionnelle de la base du système nerveux. Les neurones assurent la transmission d'un signal bioélectrique appelé influx nerveux. Ils ont deux propriétés physiologiques : l'excitabilité, c'est-à-dire la capacité de répondre aux stimulations et de convertir celles-ci en impulsions nerveuses, et la conductivité, c'est-à-dire la capacité de transmettre les impulsions.
Canal potassiqueEn biologie cellulaire, les canaux potassiques constituent le type le plus répandu de canal ionique et sont présents dans pratiquement tous les organismes vivants. Ils forment des pores traversant les membranes cellulaires et sont sélectifs aux ions potassium. On les trouve dans la plupart des types de cellules et ils contrôlent un large éventail de fonctions cellulaires. Dans les cellules excitables comme les neurones, ils sont responsables des potentiels d'action et définissent le potentiel membranaire de repos.
Romanowsky stainRomanowsky staining, also known as Romanowsky–Giemsa staining, is a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar stains widely used in hematology (the study of blood) and cytopathology (the study of diseased cells). Romanowsky-type stains are used to differentiate cells for microscopic examination in pathological specimens, especially blood and bone marrow films, and to detect parasites such as malaria within the blood.
Microelectrode arrayMicroelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry. There are two general classes of MEAs: implantable MEAs, used in vivo, and non-implantable MEAs, used in vitro. Neurons and muscle cells create ion currents through their membranes when excited, causing a change in voltage between the inside and the outside of the cell.
NeurophysiologieLa neurophysiologie est l'étude des fonctions du système nerveux (physio > fonctionnement, logie > étude), reposant sur tous les niveaux de description, du niveau moléculaire jusqu'au niveau le plus intégré des réseaux neuronaux. C'est une science pluridisciplinaire, au carrefour d'autres sciences biologiques (neuroanatomie, neuroendocrinologie, neuropharmacologie, etc.) et comportementales (neuropsychologie, psychiatrie...), notamment.
Linear circuitA linear circuit is an electronic circuit which obeys the superposition principle. This means that the output of the circuit F(x) when a linear combination of signals ax1(t) + bx2(t) is applied to it is equal to the linear combination of the outputs due to the signals x1(t) and x2(t) applied separately: It is called a linear circuit because the output voltage and current of such a circuit are linear functions of its input voltage and current. This kind of linearity is not the same as that of straight-line graphs.
Coloration à l'argentLa coloration à l'argent est l'utilisation de sels métalliques d'argent pour colorer différents objets, notamment en histologie. Ce colorant sert à identifier des composants intra et extracellulaires, notamment l'ADN et les protéines. Le jaune d'argent est une teinture à base d'argent, aujourd'hui sous la forme de chlorure ou de sulfure d'argent (mélange de sels d'argent et d'ocre jaune neutre) utilisée comme peinture sur verre. Il se pose sur la face externe ou interne du verre, se cuit comme une grisaille et pénètre par le processus de cémentation.
Excitatory synapseAn excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travels, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells of neurons. These electrical signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, and, if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock, thus transmitting the information to yet another cell.
Brain simulationBrain simulation is the concept of creating a functioning computer model of a brain or part of a brain. Brain simulation projects intend to contribute to a complete understanding of the brain, and eventually also assist the process of treating and diagnosing brain diseases. Various simulations from around the world have been fully or partially released as open source software, such as C. elegans, and the Blue Brain Project Showcase.
Neural networkA neural network can refer to a neural circuit of biological neurons (sometimes also called a biological neural network), a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network. Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed.
Coloration de PapanicolaouLa coloration de Papanicolaou est une coloration utilisée en cytologie, en anatomo-pathologie, notamment en gynécologie. Elle permet de différencier les cellules en fonction de leur maturité et de leur activité métabolique. C’est la coloration de référence pour détecter la présence anormale de cellules dans le cervix utérin dans le cadre du diagnostic précoce du cancer du col utérin. Elle est également utilisée pour l'étude morphologique des spermatozoïdes.
Vital stainA vital stain in a casual usage may mean a stain that can be applied on living cells without killing them. Vital stains have been useful for diagnostic and surgical techniques in a variety of medical specialties. In supravital staining, living cells have been removed from an organism, whereas intravital staining is done by injecting or otherwise introducing the stain into the body. The term vital stain is used by some authors to refer to an intravital stain, and by others interchangeably with a supravital stain, the core concept being that the cell being examined is still alive.
