Tenseur métriqueEn géométrie, et plus particulièrement en géométrie différentielle, le tenseur métrique est un tenseur d'ordre 2 permettant de définir le produit scalaire de deux vecteurs en chaque point d'un espace, et qui est utilisé pour la mesure des longueurs et des angles. Il généralise le théorème de Pythagore. Dans un système de coordonnées donné, le tenseur métrique peut se représenter comme une matrice symétrique, généralement notée , pour ne pas confondre la matrice (en majuscule) et le tenseur métrique g.
Tensor densityIn differential geometry, a tensor density or relative tensor is a generalization of the tensor field concept. A tensor density transforms as a tensor field when passing from one coordinate system to another (see tensor field), except that it is additionally multiplied or weighted by a power W of the Jacobian determinant of the coordinate transition function or its absolute value. A tensor density with a single index is called a vector density.
Tangent vectorIn mathematics, a tangent vector is a vector that is tangent to a curve or surface at a given point. Tangent vectors are described in the differential geometry of curves in the context of curves in Rn. More generally, tangent vectors are elements of a tangent space of a differentiable manifold. Tangent vectors can also be described in terms of germs. Formally, a tangent vector at the point is a linear derivation of the algebra defined by the set of germs at .
Hodge structureIn mathematics, a Hodge structure, named after W. V. D. Hodge, is an algebraic structure at the level of linear algebra, similar to the one that Hodge theory gives to the cohomology groups of a smooth and compact Kähler manifold. Hodge structures have been generalized for all complex varieties (even if they are singular and non-complete) in the form of mixed Hodge structures, defined by Pierre Deligne (1970). A variation of Hodge structure is a family of Hodge structures parameterized by a manifold, first studied by Phillip Griffiths (1968).
Complex differential formIn mathematics, a complex differential form is a differential form on a manifold (usually a complex manifold) which is permitted to have complex coefficients. Complex forms have broad applications in differential geometry. On complex manifolds, they are fundamental and serve as the basis for much of algebraic geometry, Kähler geometry, and Hodge theory. Over non-complex manifolds, they also play a role in the study of almost complex structures, the theory of spinors, and CR structures.
Dualité de HodgeEn algèbre linéaire, l'opérateur de Hodge, introduit par William Vallance Douglas Hodge, est un opérateur sur l'algèbre extérieure d'un espace vectoriel euclidien orienté. Il est usuellement noté par une étoile qui précède l'élément auquel l'opérateur est appliqué. On parle ainsi d'étoile de Hodge. Si la dimension de l'espace est n, l'opérateur établit une correspondance entre les k-vecteurs et les (n-k)-vecteurs, appelée dualité de Hodge. En géométrie différentielle, l'opérateur de Hodge peut être étendu aux fibrés vectoriels riemanniens orientés.
Differential (mathematics)In mathematics, differential refers to several related notions derived from the early days of calculus, put on a rigorous footing, such as infinitesimal differences and the derivatives of functions. The term is used in various branches of mathematics such as calculus, differential geometry, algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. The term differential is used nonrigorously in calculus to refer to an infinitesimal ("infinitely small") change in some varying quantity.
Kähler differentialIn mathematics, Kähler differentials provide an adaptation of differential forms to arbitrary commutative rings or schemes. The notion was introduced by Erich Kähler in the 1930s. It was adopted as standard in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry somewhat later, once the need was felt to adapt methods from calculus and geometry over the complex numbers to contexts where such methods are not available. Let R and S be commutative rings and φ : R → S be a ring homomorphism.
Gauge covariant derivativeIn physics, the gauge covariant derivative is a means of expressing how fields vary from place to place, in a way that respects how the coordinate systems used to describe a physical phenomenon can themselves change from place to place. The gauge covariant derivative is used in many areas of physics, including quantum field theory and fluid dynamics and in a very special way general relativity. If a physical theory is independent of the choice of local frames, the group of local frame changes, the gauge transformations, act on the fields in the theory while leaving unchanged the physical content of the theory.
Tangente (géométrie)Tangente vient du latin tangere, toucher : en géométrie, la tangente à une courbe en un de ses points est une droite qui « touche » la courbe au plus près au voisinage de ce point. La courbe et sa tangente forment alors un angle nul en ce point. La notion de tangente permet d'effectuer des approximations : pour la résolution de certains problèmes qui demandent de connaître le comportement de la courbe au voisinage d'un point, on peut assimiler celle-ci à sa tangente. Ceci explique la parenté entre la notion de tangente et le calcul différentiel.
Conjecture de HodgeLa conjecture de Hodge est une des grandes conjectures de la géométrie algébrique. Elle établit un lien entre la topologie algébrique d'une variété algébrique complexe non singulière et sa géométrie décrite par des équations polynomiales qui définissent des sous-variétés. Elle provient d'un résultat du mathématicien W. V. D. Hodge qui, entre 1930 et 1940, a enrichi la description de la cohomologie de De Rham afin d'y inclure des structures présentes dans le cas des variétés algébriques (qui peuvent s'étendre à d'autres cas).
Géométrie complexeIn mathematics, complex geometry is the study of geometric structures and constructions arising out of, or described by, the complex numbers. In particular, complex geometry is concerned with the study of spaces such as complex manifolds and complex algebraic varieties, functions of several complex variables, and holomorphic constructions such as holomorphic vector bundles and coherent sheaves. Application of transcendental methods to algebraic geometry falls in this category, together with more geometric aspects of complex analysis.
