Allocation d'actifsL'allocation d'actifs est une étape de la gestion d'actifs qui consiste à définir la part à donner à chaque catégorie de valeurs au sein d'un portefeuille d'investissement. L'allocation est généralement faite par secteur (cyclique, défensif, sensible), par profil (croissance, valeur), par géographie et/ou par classe d'actifs (actions, obligations, immobilier, matières premières, etc.) Pour déterminer l'allocation d'actifs optimale, l'investisseur recherche un équilibre entre le rendement attendu des actifs et les risques qu'ils représentent.
Intertemporal portfolio choiceIntertemporal portfolio choice is the process of allocating one's investable wealth to various assets, especially financial assets, repeatedly over time, in such a way as to optimize some criterion. The set of asset proportions at any time defines a portfolio. Since the returns on almost all assets are not fully predictable, the criterion has to take financial risk into account. Typically the criterion is the expected value of some concave function of the value of the portfolio after a certain number of time periods—that is, the expected utility of final wealth.
Sample mean and covarianceThe sample mean (sample average) or empirical mean (empirical average), and the sample covariance or empirical covariance are statistics computed from a sample of data on one or more random variables. The sample mean is the average value (or mean value) of a sample of numbers taken from a larger population of numbers, where "population" indicates not number of people but the entirety of relevant data, whether collected or not. A sample of 40 companies' sales from the Fortune 500 might be used for convenience instead of looking at the population, all 500 companies' sales.
Équilibre économiqueEn économie, le concept d'équilibre économique sur un ou plusieurs marchés désigne un vecteur de variables, généralement des prix qui égalisent l'offre et la demande sur l'ensemble des marchés considérés. Cette désignation d'ensemble recouvre en fait des concepts d'équilibre très différents, qui présentent des propriétés différentes et appartiennent à des cadres d'analyse parfois éloignés. L'équilibre économique n'est jamais l'équilibre comptable. L'équilibre partiel constitue le concept d'équilibre économique le plus fréquent dans la recherche économique.
Fundamental theorem of asset pricingThe fundamental theorems of asset pricing (also: of arbitrage, of finance), in both financial economics and mathematical finance, provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a market to be arbitrage-free, and for a market to be complete. An arbitrage opportunity is a way of making money with no initial investment without any possibility of loss. Though arbitrage opportunities do exist briefly in real life, it has been said that any sensible market model must avoid this type of profit.
Cross-covariance matrixIn probability theory and statistics, a cross-covariance matrix is a matrix whose element in the i, j position is the covariance between the i-th element of a random vector and j-th element of another random vector. A random vector is a random variable with multiple dimensions. Each element of the vector is a scalar random variable. Each element has either a finite number of observed empirical values or a finite or infinite number of potential values. The potential values are specified by a theoretical joint probability distribution.
Risk parityRisk parity (or risk premia parity) is an approach to investment management which focuses on allocation of risk, usually defined as volatility, rather than allocation of capital. The risk parity approach asserts that when asset allocations are adjusted (leveraged or deleveraged) to the same risk level, the risk parity portfolio can achieve a higher Sharpe ratio and can be more resistant to market downturns than the traditional portfolio.
Risk aversionIn economics and finance, risk aversion is the tendency of people to prefer outcomes with low uncertainty to those outcomes with high uncertainty, even if the average outcome of the latter is equal to or higher in monetary value than the more certain outcome. Risk aversion explains the inclination to agree to a situation with a more predictable, but possibly lower payoff, rather than another situation with a highly unpredictable, but possibly higher payoff.
Équilibre généralL'équilibre général est un concept d'économie qui désigne la possibilité pour les marchés d'atteindre l'équilibre simultanément par le libre jeu de l'offre et de la demande. L'équilibre général se distingue de l'équilibre simple (ou partiel) en ce qu'il s'agit d'un équilibre atteint sur l'intégralité des marchés. Issu de la microéconomie, la théorie de l'équilibre général a été développée par Léon Walras dans son ouvrage de , Éléments d'économie politique pure.
Économie comportementaleL'économie comportementale est un champ de la science économique qui étudie le comportement des êtres humains dans les situations économiques. L'un des principaux objectifs de l'économie comportementale est notamment de décrire et d'expliquer pourquoi, dans certaines situations, les êtres humains adoptent un comportement qui peut sembler paradoxal ou non rationnel, c'est-à-dire contraire à ce que prédirait la théorie de l'Homo œconomicus.
Competitive equilibriumCompetitive equilibrium (also called: Walrasian equilibrium) is a concept of economic equilibrium, introduced by Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu in 1951, appropriate for the analysis of commodity markets with flexible prices and many traders, and serving as the benchmark of efficiency in economic analysis. It relies crucially on the assumption of a competitive environment where each trader decides upon a quantity that is so small compared to the total quantity traded in the market that their individual transactions have no influence on the prices.
Risk-neutral measureIn mathematical finance, a risk-neutral measure (also called an equilibrium measure, or equivalent martingale measure) is a probability measure such that each share price is exactly equal to the discounted expectation of the share price under this measure. This is heavily used in the pricing of financial derivatives due to the fundamental theorem of asset pricing, which implies that in a complete market, a derivative's price is the discounted expected value of the future payoff under the unique risk-neutral measure.
