Bayesian probabilityBayesian probability (ˈbeɪziən or ˈbeɪʒən ) is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief. The Bayesian interpretation of probability can be seen as an extension of propositional logic that enables reasoning with hypotheses; that is, with propositions whose truth or falsity is unknown.
Summary statisticsIn descriptive statistics, summary statistics are used to summarize a set of observations, in order to communicate the largest amount of information as simply as possible. Statisticians commonly try to describe the observations in a measure of location, or central tendency, such as the arithmetic mean a measure of statistical dispersion like the standard mean absolute deviation a measure of the shape of the distribution like skewness or kurtosis if more than one variable is measured, a measure of statistical dependence such as a correlation coefficient A common collection of order statistics used as summary statistics are the five-number summary, sometimes extended to a seven-number summary, and the associated box plot.
Interprétations de la probabilitéLe mot probabilité a été utilisé dans une variété de domaines depuis qu'il a été appliqué à l'étude mathématique des jeux de hasard. Est-ce que la probabilité mesure la tendance réelle physique de quelque chose de se produire, ou est-ce qu'elle est une mesure du degré auquel on croit qu'elle se produira, ou faut-il compter sur ces deux éléments ? Pour répondre à ces questions, les mathématiciens interprètent les valeurs de probabilité de la théorie des probabilités.
Statistique (indicateur)Une statistique est, au premier abord, le résultat d'une suite d'opérations appliquées à un ensemble de nombres appelé échantillon. D'une façon générale, c'est le résultat de l'application d'une méthode statistique à un ensemble de données. Dans le calcul de la moyenne arithmétique, par exemple, l'algorithme consiste à calculer la somme de toutes les valeurs des données et à diviser par le nombre de données. La moyenne est ainsi une statistique.
Frequentist probabilityFrequentist probability or frequentism is an interpretation of probability; it defines an event's probability as the limit of its relative frequency in many trials (the long-run probability). Probabilities can be found (in principle) by a repeatable objective process (and are thus ideally devoid of opinion). The continued use of frequentist methods in scientific inference, however, has been called into question. The development of the frequentist account was motivated by the problems and paradoxes of the previously dominant viewpoint, the classical interpretation.
Statistique exhaustiveLes statistiques exhaustives sont liées à la notion d'information et en particulier à l'information de Fisher. Elles servent entre autres à améliorer des estimateurs grâce à l'usage du théorème de Rao-Blackwell et du théorème de Lehmann-Scheffé. Intuitivement, parler d'une statistique exhaustive revient à dire que cette statistique contient l'ensemble de l'information sur le(s) paramètre(s) de la loi de probabilité. Soit un vecteur d'observation de taille , dont les composantes sont indépendantes et identiquement distribués (iid).
False positives and false negativesA false positive is an error in binary classification in which a test result incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition (such as a disease when the disease is not present), while a false negative is the opposite error, where the test result incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition when it is actually present. These are the two kinds of errors in a binary test, in contrast to the two kinds of correct result (a and a ).
T-statisticIn statistics, the t-statistic is the ratio of the departure of the estimated value of a parameter from its hypothesized value to its standard error. It is used in hypothesis testing via Student's t-test. The t-statistic is used in a t-test to determine whether to support or reject the null hypothesis. It is very similar to the z-score but with the difference that t-statistic is used when the sample size is small or the population standard deviation is unknown.
Ancillary statisticAn ancillary statistic is a measure of a sample whose distribution (or whose pmf or pdf) does not depend on the parameters of the model. An ancillary statistic is a pivotal quantity that is also a statistic. Ancillary statistics can be used to construct prediction intervals. They are also used in connection with Basu's theorem to prove independence between statistics. This concept was first introduced by Ronald Fisher in the 1920s, but its formal definition was only provided in 1964 by Debabrata Basu.
Five-number summaryThe five-number summary is a set of descriptive statistics that provides information about a dataset. It consists of the five most important sample percentiles: the sample minimum (smallest observation) the lower quartile or first quartile the median (the middle value) the upper quartile or third quartile the sample maximum (largest observation) In addition to the median of a single set of data there are two related statistics called the upper and lower quartiles.
False positive rateIn statistics, when performing multiple comparisons, a false positive ratio (also known as fall-out or false alarm ratio) is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis for a particular test. The false positive rate is calculated as the ratio between the number of negative events wrongly categorized as positive (false positives) and the total number of actual negative events (regardless of classification). The false positive rate (or "false alarm rate") usually refers to the expectancy of the false positive ratio.
Test unitaireEn programmation informatique, le test unitaire (ou « T.U. », ou « U.T. » en anglais) est une procédure permettant de vérifier le bon fonctionnement d'une partie précise d'un logiciel ou d'une portion d'un programme (appelée « unité » ou « module »). Dans les applications non critiques, l'écriture des tests unitaires a longtemps été considérée comme une tâche secondaire. Cependant, les méthodes Extreme programming (XP) ou Test Driven Development (TDD) ont remis les tests unitaires, appelés « tests du programmeur », au centre de l'activité de programmation.
