Ring learning with errorsIn post-quantum cryptography, ring learning with errors (RLWE) is a computational problem which serves as the foundation of new cryptographic algorithms, such as NewHope, designed to protect against cryptanalysis by quantum computers and also to provide the basis for homomorphic encryption. Public-key cryptography relies on construction of mathematical problems that are believed to be hard to solve if no further information is available, but are easy to solve if some information used in the problem construction is known.
Ring learning with errors key exchangeIn cryptography, a public key exchange algorithm is a cryptographic algorithm which allows two parties to create and share a secret key, which they can use to encrypt messages between themselves. The ring learning with errors key exchange (RLWE-KEX) is one of a new class of public key exchange algorithms that are designed to be secure against an adversary that possesses a quantum computer. This is important because some public key algorithms in use today will be easily broken by a quantum computer if such computers are implemented.
Cryptographie post-quantiqueLa cryptographie post-quantique est une branche de la cryptographie visant à garantir la sécurité de l'information face à un attaquant disposant d'un calculateur quantique. Cette discipline est distincte de la cryptographie quantique, qui vise à construire des algorithmes cryptographiques utilisant des propriétés physiques, plutôt que mathématiques, pour garantir la sécurité. En l'effet, les algorithmes quantiques de Shor, de Grover et de Simon étendent les capacités par rapport à un attaquant ne disposant que d'un ordinateur classique.
Intersection theoryIn mathematics, intersection theory is one of the main branches of algebraic geometry, where it gives information about the intersection of two subvarieties of a given variety. The theory for varieties is older, with roots in Bézout's theorem on curves and elimination theory. On the other hand, the topological theory more quickly reached a definitive form. There is yet an ongoing development of intersection theory. Currently the main focus is on: virtual fundamental cycles, quantum intersection rings, Gromov-Witten theory and the extension of intersection theory from schemes to stacks.
Lattice-based cryptographyLattice-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives that involve lattices, either in the construction itself or in the security proof. Lattice-based constructions are currently important candidates for post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as the RSA, Diffie-Hellman or elliptic-curve cryptosystems — which could, theoretically, be defeated using Shor's algorithm on a quantum computer — some lattice-based constructions appear to be resistant to attack by both classical and quantum computers.
Intersection numberIn mathematics, and especially in algebraic geometry, the intersection number generalizes the intuitive notion of counting the number of times two curves intersect to higher dimensions, multiple (more than 2) curves, and accounting properly for tangency. One needs a definition of intersection number in order to state results like Bézout's theorem. The intersection number is obvious in certain cases, such as the intersection of the x- and y-axes in a plane, which should be one.
Rapport d'ondes stationnairesLe rapport d'ondes stationnaires (ROS) ou standing wave ratio (SWR) en anglais, et le taux d'ondes stationnaires (TOS) expriment la qualité de l'adaptation d'antenne, à une ligne de transmission, coaxiale ou bifilaire. Dans une ligne de transmission coexistent une onde incidente, d'amplitude , et une onde réfléchie, d'amplitude . La superposition de ces deux ondes va produire une onde résultante dont l'amplitude va varier le long de la ligne. On observera des maxima aux endroits où l'onde incidente et l'onde réfléchie produisent des interférences constructives.
Input impedanceThe input impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into a load network that is external to the electrical source network. The input admittance (the reciprocal of impedance) is a measure of the load network's propensity to draw current. The source network is the portion of the network that transmits power, and the load network is the portion of the network that consumes power.
Output impedanceThe output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into the load network being connected that is internal to the electrical source. The output impedance is a measure of the source's propensity to drop in voltage when the load draws current, the source network being the portion of the network that transmits and the load network being the portion of the network that consumes.
Amplificateur opérationnelthumb|300px|Différents modèles d'amplificateurs opérationnels. thumb|300px|La représentation schématique d'un amplificateur opérationnel varie suivant les normes ANSI/IEEE et IEC 60617-13. Un amplificateur opérationnel (aussi dénommé ampli-op ou ampli op, AO, AOP, ALI ou AIL) est un amplificateur différentiel à grand gain : c'est un amplificateur électronique qui amplifie fortement une différence de potentiel électrique présente à ses entrées.
Réserve fédérale des États-UnisLa Réserve fédérale (officiellement Federal Reserve System, souvent raccourci en Federal Reserve ou Fed) est la banque centrale des États-Unis. Elle est créée en , durant les fêtes, par le Federal Reserve Act dit aussi Owen-Glass Act, à la suite de plusieurs crises bancaires, dont la panique bancaire américaine de 1907. Son rôle évolue depuis et elle renforce son indépendance lors de l'instabilité monétaire des années 1975 et 1985.
