Catenary ringIn mathematics, a commutative ring R is catenary if for any pair of prime ideals p, q, any two strictly increasing chains p = p0 ⊂ p1 ⊂ ... ⊂ pn = q of prime ideals are contained in maximal strictly increasing chains from p to q of the same (finite) length. In a geometric situation, in which the dimension of an algebraic variety attached to a prime ideal will decrease as the prime ideal becomes bigger, the length of such a chain n is usually the difference in dimensions.
Anneau quotientEn mathématiques, un anneau quotient est un anneau qu'on construit sur l'ensemble quotient d'un anneau par un de ses idéaux bilatères. Soit A un anneau. L'addition et la multiplication de A sont compatibles avec une relation d'équivalence sur A si (et seulement si) celle-ci est de la forme : x ~ y ⇔ x – y ∈ I, pour un certain idéal bilatère I de A. On peut alors munir l'ensemble quotient A/I de l'addition et de la multiplication quotients de celles de A : Ceci munit A/I d'une structure d'anneau, appelé l'anneau quotient de A par I (son groupe additif est le groupe quotient de (A, +) par I).
Romanovski polynomialsIn mathematics, the Romanovski polynomials are one of three finite subsets of real orthogonal polynomials discovered by Vsevolod Romanovsky (Romanovski in French transcription) within the context of probability distribution functions in statistics. They form an orthogonal subset of a more general family of little-known Routh polynomials introduced by Edward John Routh in 1884. The term Romanovski polynomials was put forward by Raposo, with reference to the so-called 'pseudo-Jacobi polynomials in Lesky's classification scheme.
Noncommutative ringIn mathematics, a noncommutative ring is a ring whose multiplication is not commutative; that is, there exist a and b in the ring such that ab and ba are different. Equivalently, a noncommutative ring is a ring that is not a commutative ring. Noncommutative algebra is the part of ring theory devoted to study of properties of the noncommutative rings, including the properties that apply also to commutative rings. Sometimes the term noncommutative ring is used instead of ring to refer to an unspecified ring which is not necessarily commutative, and hence may be commutative.
Radical d'un idéalEn algèbre commutative, le radical (aussi appelé la racine) d'un idéal I dans un anneau commutatif A est l'ensemble des éléments de A dont une puissance appartient à I. Si A est un anneau principal, I est de la forme aA et son radical est l'idéal engendré par le produit des diviseurs irréductibles de a (chaque irréductible — à produit près par un inversible — n'apparaissant qu'une fois dans ce produit). En particulier dans Z, le radical d'un idéal nZ est l'idéal engendré par le radical de l'entier n.
Ascending chain condition on principal idealsIn abstract algebra, the ascending chain condition can be applied to the posets of principal left, principal right, or principal two-sided ideals of a ring, partially ordered by inclusion. The ascending chain condition on principal ideals (abbreviated to ACCP) is satisfied if there is no infinite strictly ascending chain of principal ideals of the given type (left/right/two-sided) in the ring, or said another way, every ascending chain is eventually constant.
Polynôme irréductibleIn mathematics, an irreducible polynomial is, roughly speaking, a polynomial that cannot be factored into the product of two non-constant polynomials. The property of irreducibility depends on the nature of the coefficients that are accepted for the possible factors, that is, the field to which the coefficients of the polynomial and its possible factors are supposed to belong. For example, the polynomial x2 − 2 is a polynomial with integer coefficients, but, as every integer is also a real number, it is also a polynomial with real coefficients.
Irreducible elementIn algebra, an irreducible element of an integral domain is a non-zero element that is not invertible (that is, is not a unit), and is not the product of two non-invertible elements. The irreducible elements are the terminal elements of a factorization process; that is, they are the factors that cannot be further factorized. The irreducible factors of an element are uniquely defined, up to the multiplication by a unit, if the integral domain is a unique factorization domain.
Taux de rentabilité interneLe taux de rentabilité interne (TRI) est un taux d'actualisation qui annule la valeur actuelle nette d'une série de flux financiers (en général relatifs à un projet avec un investissement initial suivi de flux de trésorerie positifs). Le TRI est un outil de décision à l'investissement. Un projet d'investissement ne sera généralement retenu que si son TRI prévisible est suffisamment supérieur au taux d'intérêt bancaire, pour tenir compte notamment de la prime de risque propre au type de projet.
Agricultural hydrologyAgricultural hydrology is the study of water balance components intervening in agricultural water management, especially in irrigation and drainage. The water balance components can be grouped into components corresponding to zones in a vertical cross-section in the soil forming reservoirs with inflow, outflow and storage of water: the surface reservoir (S) the root zone or unsaturated (vadose zone) (R) with mainly vertical flows the aquifer (Q) with mainly horizontal flows a transition zone (T) in which vertical and horizontal flows are converted The general water balance reads: inflow = outflow + change of storage and it is applicable to each of the reservoirs or a combination thereof.
Monts Métallifères (Europe centrale)Les monts Métallifères (en allemand Erzgebirge ; en tchèque Krušné hory ) sont une chaîne de moyennes montagnes en Allemagne et en Tchéquie. La crête principale constitue la frontière naturelle entre le Land de Saxe et la région historique de Bohême. Le Klínovec, de d'altitude, et le Fichtelberg avec ses , sont les points culminants du massif. Depuis le début de la colonisation au Moyen Âge, la montagne a été sculptée par l'intervention humaine, notamment par l'industrie minière qui a donné naissance à un paysage culturel extraordinaire, classé en 2019 au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO.
Modified internal rate of returnThe modified internal rate of return (MIRR) is a financial measure of an investment's attractiveness. It is used in capital budgeting to rank alternative investments of equal size. As the name implies, MIRR is a modification of the internal rate of return (IRR) and as such aims to resolve some problems with the IRR. While there are several problems with the IRR, MIRR resolves two of them. Firstly, IRR is sometimes misapplied, under an assumption that interim positive cash flows are reinvested elsewhere in a different project at the same rate of return offered by the project that generated them.
