Mediaspace scheduled maintenance: Aug 25, 2026 07:00 - 12:00 AM. During this time, videos will be temporarily unavailable. Check status updates.

Séance de cours

Mécanique de la neige: propagation des fissures et défaillance des dalles

Dans cours

ENV-525: Physics and hydrology of snow

This course covers principles of snow physics, snow hydrology, snow-atmosphere interaction, and snow modeling. It transmits detailed understanding of physical processes within the snow and at its interfaces with the atmosphere and the ground, and presents ...

Description

Cette séance de cours couvre la propagation des fissures dans la mécanique de la neige, en se concentrant sur la modélisation du test de la scie à propagation (PST) et sa mise en œuvre dans SNOWPACK. Il traite des redistributions de contraintes, de la longueur critique des fissures, de l'élasticité de la dalle, de l'anisotropie de la neige et de la libération de la dalle induite par le frottement. L'instructeur explique les facteurs influençant la rupture de la dalle en traction, tels que la densité de la dalle, et l'angle de pente critique pour le dégagement d'avalanche. La séance de cours se termine par la phase dynamique de propagation des fissures, la fracture de la dalle et l'importance de comprendre le danger d'avalanche à travers les indices de stabilité et les longueurs de fissure critiques.

Cette vidéo est disponible exclusivement sur Mediaspace pour un public restreint. Veuillez vous connecter à Mediaspace pour y accéder si vous disposez des autorisations nécessaires.

Regarder sur Mediaspace

Enseignant·e·s (3)

Wolf Hendrik Huwald

Dr. Hendrik Huwald is a scientist at the Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences (CRYOS) and a lecturer at the Environmental Sciences and Engineering Section (SSIE) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). He completed his PhD in 2003 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), developing a numerical model for sea ice and studying energy transfer processes in the Arctic. Between 2005 and 2012 he was a post-doctoral fellow and scientist at the Laboratory of Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology (EFLUM) of EPFL working on Alpine snow-atmosphere interaction, and energy balance-related research mainly in mountain regions. During this time, he designed, led and participated in numerous large field experiments in different environments. In 2013 he joined the newly founded CRYOS laboratory where he conducted research in the domains of snow science, hydrology, boundary layer meteorology and environmental sensing. He has extensive experience with project management both on national and international level.

Johan Alexandre Philippe Gaume

I started my scientific career in 2008 at the Grenoble University in the IRSTEA laboratory where I did my master's thesis on the rheology of dense granular materials using the discrete element method. In the same lab, I followed with a PhD on the numerical modeling of the release depth of extreme avalanches using a combined mechanical-statistical approach and spatial extreme statistics. In 2013 I obtained a postdoc position at the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF in Davos where I was in charge of developing and applying numerical models to improve the evaluation of avalanche release conditions and thus avalanche forecasting. While my PhD was mostly theoretical and numerical, my postdoc in Davos allowed me to gain a practical expertise by participating in laboratory and field experiments which helped to validate the models I develop. In 2016, I was awarded a SNF grant to work as a research and teaching associate in CRYOS at EPFL on the multiscale modeling of snow and avalanche processes. I developed discrete approaches to model snow micro-structure deformation and failure in order to evaluate constitutive snow models to be used at a larger scale in continuum models. I also developed numerical models for wind-driven snow transport. In 2017, I was a Visiting Scholar at UCLA to work on a Material Point Method (MPM) to simulate both the initiation and propagation of snow avalanches in a unified manner. The UCLA MPM model was initially developed for the Disney movie "Frozen" and has been modified and enriched based on Critical State Soil Mechanics to model the release and flow of slab avalanches. The results of this collaboration have been published in Nature Communications. In 2018, I was awarded the SNF Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship and became professor at EPFL and head of SLAB, the Snow and Avalanche Simulation Laboratory. At SLAB, we study micro-mechanical failure and fracture propagation of porous brittle solids, with applications in snow slab avalanche release. We also simulate avalanche dynamics and flow regime transitions over complex 3D terrain through the development of new models (depth-resolved and depth-averaged) based on MPM.In 2020, I obtained a SPARK grant to develop a new approach to simulate and better understand complex process chains in gravitational mass movements, including permafrost instabilities, rock, snow and ice avalanches and transitions to debris flows.

Source officielle

Concepts associés (31)

Mécanique de la rupture

La catastrophe du Vol 587 American Airlines s'explique par la rupture de la dérive de l'appareil.|vignette La mécanique de la rupture tend à définir une propriété du matériau qui peut se traduire par sa résistance à la rupture fragile (fracture) ou ductile. Car si les structures sont calculées pour que les contraintes nominales ne dépassent pas, en règle générale, la limite d'élasticité du matériau et soient donc par voie de conséquence à l'abri de la ruine par rupture de type ductile ; elles ne sont pas systématiquement à l'abri d'une ruine causée par la présence d'une fissure préexistante à la mise en service ou créée en service par fatigue (comme lors de la catastrophe ferroviaire de Meudon) ou par corrosion sous contrainte.

Price elasticity of demand

A good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good, but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase in price, holding everything else constant. If the elasticity is −2, that means a one percent price rise leads to a two percent decline in quantity demanded.

Élasticité (économie)

vignette|Elasticity-elastic En économie, l'élasticité mesure la variation d'une grandeur provoquée par la variation d'une autre grandeur. Ainsi, pour un produit donné, lorsque les volumes demandés augmentent de 15 % quand le prix de vente baisse de 10 %, l'élasticité de la demande par rapport au prix de vente est le quotient de la variation de la demande rapporté à la variation de prix de vente, soit -1,5 = (15 % / -10 %). Ici toute baisse de prix provoque une augmentation plus importante des quantités vendues.

Cross elasticity of demand

In economics, the cross (or cross-price) elasticity of demand measures the effect of changes in the price of one good on the quantity demanded of another good. This reflects the fact that the quantity demanded of good is dependent on not only its own price (price elasticity of demand) but also the price of other "related" good. The cross elasticity of demand is calculated as the ratio between the percentage change of the quantity demanded for a good and the percentage change in the price of another good, ceteris paribus:The sign of the cross elasticity indicates the relationship between two goods.

Elasticity of a function

In mathematics, the elasticity or point elasticity of a positive differentiable function f of a positive variable (positive input, positive output) at point a is defined as or equivalently It is thus the ratio of the relative (percentage) change in the function's output with respect to the relative change in its input , for infinitesimal changes from a point . Equivalently, it is the ratio of the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of a function with respect to the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of the argument.

Afficher plus

Séances de cours associées (35)

Élasticité: Modélisation constitutive en géomécanique

Explore les équations constitutives en géomécanique, comportement stress-strain et applications pratiques en ingénierie.

L'élasticité dans la science des matériaux

Couvre l'élasticité linéaire, la déformation plastique, les types de liaisons dans les solides, et les propriétés élastiques des matériaux cristallins.

Propriétés des matériaux et conception structurale

Couvre l'élasticité, les matériaux de construction communs, les principes de conception structurelle et un exemple de conception d'ascenseur.

Élasticité et déformation

Couvre le stress, la contrainte, le module d'élasticité et le comportement matériel sous différentes charges.

Science des matériaux: propriétés mécaniques et études de cas

Explore les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux et des études de cas sur la sélection des matériaux pour les réservoirs sous pression.

Afficher plus

Concepts associés (31)

Mécanique de la rupture

Price elasticity of demand

Élasticité (économie)

Cross elasticity of demand

Elasticity of a function

Afficher plus