Application linéaireEn mathématiques, une application linéaire (aussi appelée opérateur linéaire ou transformation linéaire) est une application entre deux espaces vectoriels qui respecte l'addition des vecteurs et la multiplication scalaire, et préserve ainsi plus généralement les combinaisons linéaires. L’expression peut s’utiliser aussi pour un morphisme entre deux modules sur un anneau, avec une présentation semblable en dehors des notions de base et de dimension. Cette notion étend celle de fonction linéaire en analyse réelle à des espaces vectoriels plus généraux.
Complete topological vector spaceIn functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a complete topological vector space is a topological vector space (TVS) with the property that whenever points get progressively closer to each other, then there exists some point towards which they all get closer. The notion of "points that get progressively closer" is made rigorous by or , which are generalizations of , while "point towards which they all get closer" means that this Cauchy net or filter converges to The notion of completeness for TVSs uses the theory of uniform spaces as a framework to generalize the notion of completeness for metric spaces.
Leibniz formula for determinantsIn algebra, the Leibniz formula, named in honor of Gottfried Leibniz, expresses the determinant of a square matrix in terms of permutations of the matrix elements. If is an matrix, where is the entry in the -th row and -th column of , the formula is where is the sign function of permutations in the permutation group , which returns and for even and odd permutations, respectively. Another common notation used for the formula is in terms of the Levi-Civita symbol and makes use of the Einstein summation notation, where it becomes which may be more familiar to physicists.
Special linear Lie algebraIn mathematics, the special linear Lie algebra of order n (denoted or ) is the Lie algebra of matrices with trace zero and with the Lie bracket . This algebra is well studied and understood, and is often used as a model for the study of other Lie algebras. The Lie group that it generates is the special linear group. The Lie algebra is central to the study of special relativity, general relativity and supersymmetry: its fundamental representation is the so-called spinor representation, while its adjoint representation generates the Lorentz group SO(3,1) of special relativity.
Metrizable topological vector spaceIn functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a metrizable (resp. pseudometrizable) topological vector space (TVS) is a TVS whose topology is induced by a metric (resp. pseudometric). An LM-space is an inductive limit of a sequence of locally convex metrizable TVS.
Linear algebraic groupIn mathematics, a linear algebraic group is a subgroup of the group of invertible matrices (under matrix multiplication) that is defined by polynomial equations. An example is the orthogonal group, defined by the relation where is the transpose of . Many Lie groups can be viewed as linear algebraic groups over the field of real or complex numbers. (For example, every compact Lie group can be regarded as a linear algebraic group over R (necessarily R-anisotropic and reductive), as can many noncompact groups such as the simple Lie group SL(n,R).
Matrice jacobienneEn analyse vectorielle, la matrice jacobienne est la matrice des dérivées partielles du premier ordre d'une fonction vectorielle en un point donné. Son nom vient du mathématicien Charles Jacobi. Le déterminant de cette matrice, appelé jacobien, joue un rôle important pour l'intégration par changement de variable et dans la résolution de problèmes non linéaires. Soit F une fonction d'un ouvert de R à valeurs dans R. Une telle fonction est définie par ses m fonctions composantes à valeurs réelles : .
