Amphetamine dependenceAmphetamine dependence refers to a state of psychological dependence on a drug in the amphetamine class. Stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine do not cause somatic symptoms upon cessation of use but rather neurological-based mental symptoms. Signs of amphetamine intoxication manifest themselves in euphoria, hypersexuality, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and intensifications of the train of thought, speech, and movement.
DextroamphétamineDextroamphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed', enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine.
PharmacologieLa pharmacologie est une discipline scientifique du vivant, subdivision de la biologie, qui étudie les mécanismes d'interaction entre une substance active et l'organisme dans lequel elle évolue, de façon à pouvoir ensuite utiliser ces résultats à des fins thérapeutiques, comme l'élaboration d'un médicament (principalement) ou son amélioration. Pour ce faire, la pharmacologie intègre des concepts et données issus de la physiologie, physio-pathologie, biochimie, génétique et biologie moléculaire.
Catechol-O-methyltransferaseCatechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; ) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure. In humans, catechol-O-methyltransferase protein is encoded by the COMT gene. Two isoforms of COMT are produced: the soluble short form (S-COMT) and the membrane bound long form (MB-COMT).
Adrenal medullaThe adrenal medulla (medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine, in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels.
Toxinevignette|Venin du serpent cuivré. Une toxine est une substance chimique organique, c'est-à-dire produite par un être vivant, et toxique. Les toxines peuvent causer des effets allant des irritations ou symptômes légers à des conséquences plus graves, pouvant notamment entraîner la mort, même à des doses extrêmement faibles comme c'est le cas avec la toxine botulique. Le terme biotoxine est parfois employé pour préciser que la substance toxique est produite par les activités métaboliques de certains êtres vivants.
Dystonie neurovégétativeLa dystonie neurovégétative (ou DNV ou dystonie vagosympathique ou dysautonomie ou neurotonie), du grec dus : difficulté, et tonos : ressort, est un dérèglement global du système neurovégétatif (ou système nerveux autonome ou SNA), dont l'origine est primitive ou secondaire. Le SNA est un système nerveux très particulier qui innerve tous les organes humains. Il est composé de deux branches, le sympathique ergotrope et le parasympathique trophotrope. Leurs actions sur l'organisme sont opposées et complémentaires.
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptorThe alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic. Some species other than humans express a fourth α2D-adrenergic receptor as well. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Psychose toxique amphétaminiqueStimulant psychosis is a mental disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms (such as hallucinations, paranoid ideation, delusions, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized behaviour). It involves and typically occurs following an overdose or several day 'binge' on psychostimulants; however, one study reported occurrences at regularly prescribed doses in approximately 0.1% of individuals within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine or methylphenidate therapy.
PhényléthylamineLa phényléthylamine (PEA) est un composé aromatique de formule C6H5C2H4NH2, constitué d'un cycle benzénique substitué par un groupe éthyle, lui-même substitué par un groupe amine. Du fait que ce groupe amine puisse être sur l'un ou l'autre carbone du groupe éthyle, la phényléthylamine existe sous la forme de deux isomères : la 1-phényléthylamine, où le même atome de carbone porte les groupes phényle et amine, et forme donc une molécule chirale ; la 2-phényléthylamine, où les groupes phényle et amine sont sur des atomes différents.
DopaminergicDopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter. Dopaminergic substances or actions increase dopamine-related activity in the brain. Dopaminergic brain pathways facilitate dopamine-related activity. For example, certain proteins such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine receptors can be classified as dopaminergic, and neurons that synthesize or contain dopamine and synapses with dopamine receptors in them may also be labeled as dopaminergic.
Muscle ciliaireThe ciliary muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the eye formed as a ring of smooth muscle in the eye's middle layer, uvea (vascular layer). It controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal. It also changes the shape of the lens within the eye but not the size of the pupil which is carried out by the sphincter pupillae muscle and dilator pupillae. The ciliary muscle develops from mesenchyme within the choroid and is considered a cranial neural crest derivative.
