Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
NeurulationLa neurulation est une étape du développement embryonnaire des métazoaires triploblastiques au cours de laquelle se met en place le système nerveux central. Elle succède à la gastrulation. La neurulation se déroule en 2 étapes : la neurulation primaire et la neurulation secondaire. La neurulation primaire comporte : la neuralisation : apparition de la plaque neurale par façonnage du neuroépithélium courbure et invagination fusion des bourrelets et fermeture du tube neural migration La neurulation secondaire est « caudale ».
Neural foldThe neural fold is a structure that arises during neurulation in the embryonic development of both birds and mammals among other organisms. This structure is associated with primary neurulation, meaning that it forms by the coming together of tissue layers, rather than a clustering, and subsequent hollowing out, of individual cells (known as secondary neurulation). In humans, the neural folds are responsible for the formation of the anterior end of the neural tube.
Subgranular zoneThe subgranular zone (SGZ) is a brain region in the hippocampus where adult neurogenesis occurs. The other major site of adult neurogenesis is the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the brain. The subgranular zone is a narrow layer of cells located between the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus. This layer is characterized by several types of cells, the most prominent type being neural stem cells (NSCs) in various stages of development.
Amniotic stem cellsAmniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane. They can develop into various tissue types including skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. The cells also have potential medical applications, especially in organ regeneration. The stem cells are usually extracted from the amniotic sac by amniocentesis which occurs without harming the embryos.
Biologie cellulairethumb|Détection de filaments d'actine dans des cellules animales (immunofluorescence) La biologie cellulaire (anciennement appelée cytologie) est une discipline scientifique qui étudie les cellules, du point de vue structural et fonctionnel, et les utilise pour des applications en biotechnologie. Elle s'intéresse à l'écosystème cellulaire, c'est-à-dire à l'équilibre dynamique et autorégulé des fonctions cellulaires, dans un contexte normal ou perturbé.
Stem cell controversyThe stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial.
Plaque neuraleThe neural plate is a key developmental structure that serves as the basis for the nervous system. Cranial to the primitive node of the embryonic primitive streak, ectodermal tissue thickens and flattens to become the neural plate. The region anterior to the primitive node can be generally referred to as the neural plate. Cells take on a columnar appearance in the process as they continue to lengthen and narrow. The ends of the neural plate, known as the neural folds, push the ends of the plate up and together, folding into the neural tube, a structure critical to brain and spinal cord development.
Brain vesicleBrain vesicles are the bulge-like features of the early development of the neural tube in vertebrates. Vesicle formation begins shortly after anterior neural tube closure at about embryonic day 9.0 in the mouse and the fourth and fifth gestational week in human development. In zebrafish and chicken embryos, brain vesicles form by about 24 hours and 48 hours post-conception, respectively. Initially there are three primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
NeurodéveloppementLe neurodéveloppement (ou développement neural) désigne la mise en place du système nerveux au cours de l'embryogenèse et aux stades suivant de l'ontogenèse d'un organisme animal. Son étude repose sur une approche combinant neurosciences et biologie du développement afin d'en décrire les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires. La neurogenèse est le mécanisme central du neurodéveloppement.
Neuronal ensembleA neuronal ensemble is a population of nervous system cells (or cultured neurons) involved in a particular neural computation. The concept of neuronal ensemble dates back to the work of Charles Sherrington who described the functioning of the CNS as the system of reflex arcs, each composed of interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In Sherrington's scheme, α-motoneurons are the final common path of a number of neural circuits of different complexity: motoneurons integrate a large number of inputs and send their final output to muscles.
Neuroectodermevignette|schéma d'un neuroectoderme Le neuroectoderme (ou ectoderme neural) correspond à l'ectoderme qui a reçu des signaux inhibiteurs des protéine morphogénétique de l'os (BMP) par des protéines telles que noggin ou la chordine. Les cellules ectodermiques n'étant pas exposées au BMP, ne formeront pas de tissu épidermique mais des tissus neuronales. Ce tissu conduit à la formation et au développement de la totalité du système nerveux. Le neuroectoderme conduira à la formation de : La crête neurale les mélanocytes les ganglions du système nerveux autonome les ganglions spinaux.
