Stakeholder theoryThe stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that accounts for multiple constituencies impacted by business entities like employees, suppliers, local communities, creditors, and others. It addresses morals and values in managing an organization, such as those related to corporate social responsibility, market economy, and social contract theory. The stakeholder view of strategy integrates a resource-based view and a market-based view, and adds a socio-political level.
Cost–utility analysisCost–utility analysis (CUA) is a form of economic analysis used to guide procurement decisions. The most common and well-known application of this analysis is in pharmacoeconomics, especially health technology assessment (HTA). In health economics, the purpose of CUA is to estimate the ratio between the cost of a health-related intervention and the benefit it produces in terms of the number of years lived in full health by the beneficiaries. Hence it can be considered a special case of cost-effectiveness analysis, and the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Partie prenanteUne partie prenante (en anglais : stakeholder) est un acteur, individuel ou collectif (groupe ou organisation), activement ou passivement concerné par une décision ou un projet ; c'est-à-dire dont les intérêts peuvent être affectés positivement ou négativement à la suite de son exécution (ou de sa non-exécution). La notion de partie prenante est centrale dans les questions de développement durable, de responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) (ou plus généralement de responsabilité sociétale des organisations), de démocratie participative ainsi que dans certaines normes (écocertification.
Cost-effectiveness analysisCost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost–benefit analysis, which assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect. Cost-effectiveness analysis is often used in the field of health services, where it may be inappropriate to monetize health effect.
Santé communautaireLa santé communautaire est un domaine de la santé publique. Il implique une réelle participation de la communauté à l’amélioration de sa santé : réflexion sur les besoins, les priorités ; mise en place, gestion et évaluation des activités. On parle de santé communautaire lorsque les membres d’une collectivité, géographique ou sociale, réfléchissent en commun sur leurs ennuis de santé, expriment des besoins prioritaires et participent activement à la mise en place et au déroulement des activités les plus aptes à répondre particulièrement à ces priorités.
Population healthPopulation health has been defined as "the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group". It is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire human population. It has been described as consisting of three components. These are "health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies and interventions". A priority considered important in achieving the aim of population health is to reduce health inequities or disparities among different population groups due to, among other factors, the social determinants of health (SDOH).
Pauvretéalt=|vignette|250x250px|Manifestation contre la pauvreté des étudiants, France. alt=|vignette|250x250px|Habitants des rues du district de San'ya à Tokyo, au Japon. La pauvreté désigne dans une société donnée le fait d'être dans une situation d'infériorité matérielle par rapport aux individus les plus favorisés; cela se traduit notamment par des difficultés à subvenir à ses besoins et à ceux de ses proches, mais aussi par une stigmatisation de la part des personnes plus riches.
Cycle of povertyIn economics, a cycle of poverty or poverty trap is caused by self-reinforcing mechanisms that cause poverty, once it exists, to persist unless there is outside intervention. It can persist across generations, and when applied to developing countries, is also known as a development trap. Families trapped in the cycle of poverty have few to no resources. There are many self-reinforcing disadvantages that make it virtually impossible for individuals to break the cycle.
Programme des Nations unies pour le développementLe Programme des Nations unies pour le développement (PNUD) fait partie des programmes et fonds de l'ONU. Son rôle est d'aider les pays en développement en leur fournissant des conseils mais également en plaidant leurs causes pour l'octroi de dons. C'est ainsi que ce programme travaille en collaboration avec de nombreux autres programmes comme l'Onusida et d'autres organisations internationales (UPU et OMS notamment). Son siège est situé à New York, aux États-Unis.
Poverty reductionPoverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the Georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access to the natural world for all.
Theories of povertyTheories on the causes of poverty are the foundation upon which poverty reduction strategies are based. While in developed nations poverty is often seen as either a personal or a structural defect, in developing nations the issue of poverty is more profound due to the lack of governmental funds. Some theories on poverty in the developing world focus on cultural characteristics as a retardant of further development.
