In-memory databaseAn in-memory database (IMDB, or main memory database system (MMDB) or memory resident database) is a database management system that primarily relies on main memory for computer data storage. It is contrasted with database management systems that employ a disk storage mechanism. In-memory databases are faster than disk-optimized databases because disk access is slower than memory access and the internal optimization algorithms are simpler and execute fewer CPU instructions.
Database schemaThe database schema is the structure of a database described in a formal language supported typically by a relational database management system (RDBMS). The term "schema" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of relational databases). The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas (sentences) called integrity constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema.
Two-phase lockingIn databases and transaction processing, two-phase locking (2PL) is a concurrency control method that guarantees serializability. It is also the name of the resulting set of database transaction schedules (histories). The protocol uses locks, applied by a transaction to data, which may block (interpreted as signals to stop) other transactions from accessing the same data during the transaction's life. By the 2PL protocol, locks are applied and removed in two phases: Expanding phase: locks are acquired and no locks are released.
Atomicité (informatique)L'atomicité est une propriété utilisée en programmation concurrente pour désigner une opération ou un ensemble d'opérations d'un programme qui s'exécutent entièrement sans pouvoir être interrompues avant la fin de leur déroulement. Une opération qui vérifie cette propriété est qualifiée d'« atomique », ce terme dérive de grc qui signifie « que l'on ne peut diviser ». Ce concept s'applique par exemple à une partie d'un programme dont le processus ou le thread qui la gère ne cédera pas le monopole sur certaines données à un autre processus pendant tout le déroulement de cette partie.
Journal des transactionsEn informatique, le journal des transactions (en anglais, transaction log, transaction journal, database log, binary log ou audit trail) est la liste des transactions informatiques exécutées sur une base de données. Cette liste de transactions est utilisée pour rétablir l'intégrité de la base de données dans les cas de problèmes logiciels ou matériels du système qui gère la base de données. Physiquement, le journal des transactions est un fichier contenant une copie des modifications apportées à la base de données.
Federated database systemA federated database system (FDBS) is a type of meta-database management system (DBMS), which transparently maps multiple autonomous database systems into a single federated database. The constituent databases are interconnected via a computer network and may be geographically decentralized. Since the constituent database systems remain autonomous, a federated database system is a contrastable alternative to the (sometimes daunting) task of merging several disparate databases.
Concurrency (computer science)In computer science, concurrency is the ability of different parts or units of a program, algorithm, or problem to be executed out-of-order or in partial order, without affecting the outcome. This allows for parallel execution of the concurrent units, which can significantly improve overall speed of the execution in multi-processor and multi-core systems. In more technical terms, concurrency refers to the decomposability of a program, algorithm, or problem into order-independent or partially-ordered components or units of computation.
Comparison of relational database management systemsThe following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs. The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on. Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively. Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited transaction isolation.
Distributed transactionA distributed transaction is a database transaction in which two or more network hosts are involved. Usually, hosts provide transactional resources, while the transaction manager is responsible for creating and managing a global transaction that encompasses all operations against such resources. Distributed transactions, as any other transactions, must have all four ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) properties, where atomicity guarantees all-or-nothing outcomes for the unit of work (operations bundle).
Verrou (informatique)Un verrou informatique permet de s'assurer qu'une seule personne, ou un seul processus accède à une ressource à un instant donné. Ceci est souvent utilisé dans le domaine des accès à des fichiers sur des systèmes d'exploitation multi-utilisateur, car si deux programmes modifient un même fichier au même moment, le risque est de : provoquer des erreurs dans un des deux programmes, voire dans les deux ; laisser le fichier en fin de traitement dans une complète incohérence ; endommager le fichier manipulé.
Transactional memoryIn computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing. Transactional memory systems provide high-level abstraction as an alternative to low-level thread synchronization. This abstraction allows for coordination between concurrent reads and writes of shared data in parallel systems.
Two-phase commit protocolIn transaction processing, databases, and computer networking, the two-phase commit protocol (2PC, tupac) is a type of atomic commitment protocol (ACP). It is a distributed algorithm that coordinates all the processes that participate in a distributed atomic transaction on whether to commit or abort (roll back) the transaction. This protocol (a specialised type of consensus protocol) achieves its goal even in many cases of temporary system failure (involving either process, network node, communication, etc.
