Les protéasomes sont des complexes enzymatiques multiprotéiques que l'on retrouve chez les eucaryotes, les archées ainsi que chez quelques bactéries de l'ordre Actinomycetales. Dans les cellules eucaryotes il se trouve dans le cytosol et est associé au réticulum endoplasmique ainsi que dans le noyau. Leur fonction principale est de dégrader les protéines mal repliées, dénaturées ou obsolètes de manière ciblée. Cette dégradation se fait par protéolyse, une réaction chimique qui coupe les liaisons peptidiques et qui est effectuée par des enzymes appelées protéases.
The restriction point (R), also known as the Start or G1/S checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint in the G1 phase of the animal cell cycle at which the cell becomes "committed" to the cell cycle, and after which extracellular signals are no longer required to stimulate proliferation. The defining biochemical feature of the restriction point is the activation of G1/S- and S-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which in turn phosphorylate proteins that initiate DNA replication, centrosome duplication, and other early cell cycle events.
A cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDKC, cyclin-CDK) is a protein complex formed by the association of an inactive catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), with a regulatory subunit, cyclin. Once cyclin-dependent kinases bind to cyclin, the formed complex is in an activated state. Substrate specificity of the activated complex is mainly established by the associated cyclin within the complex. Activity of CDKCs is controlled by phosphorylation of target proteins, as well as binding of inhibitory proteins.