Price elasticity of demandA good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good, but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase in price, holding everything else constant. If the elasticity is −2, that means a one percent price rise leads to a two percent decline in quantity demanded.
Sept métauxLes sept métaux sont les métaux connus, et reconnus comme tels, de l'Antiquité jusqu'à la Renaissance. Les astrologues de l'Antiquité les ont mis en correspondance avec les sept « planètes » (Le Soleil, la Lune, et les cinq planètes observables à l'œil nu), elles-mêmes associées aux dieux du panthéon gréco-romain. L'histoire des procédés d'extraction des métaux commence avant notre ère. Au Moyen-Orient, six métaux furent utilisés durant la préhistoire et l'Antiquité : l'or, l'argent, le cuivre, l'étain, le plomb et le fer.
Métal précieuxvignette|La pépite d'or de Latrobe. Cette pépite d'or est exceptionnelle en raison de ses cristaux d'or cubiques bien développés. Sa masse est de 717 grammes. Exposée au Vault, Natural History Museum, Londres. Un métal précieux est un métal de grande valeur économique. La notion de métal précieux est fluctuante selon les époques et les civilisations en fonction de l'offre et la demande : si l'on pense essentiellement aujourd'hui à l'or, l'argent, le platine, le rhodium et le palladium, on remarquera que ce ne sont pas nécessairement les plus chers ni ceux qui ont toujours été les plus appréciés par tous les peuples.
Polymèrevignette|Fibres de polyester observées au Microscopie électronique à balayage. vignette|La fabrication d'une éolienne fait intervenir le moulage de composites résines/renforts. Les polymères (étymologie : du grec polus, plusieurs, et meros, partie) constituent une classe de matériaux. D'un point de vue chimique, un polymère est une substance composée de macromolécules et issue de molécules de faible masse moléculaire. Un polymère est caractérisé par le degré de polymérisation.
Élasticité (économie)vignette|Elasticity-elastic En économie, l'élasticité mesure la variation d'une grandeur provoquée par la variation d'une autre grandeur. Ainsi, pour un produit donné, lorsque les volumes demandés augmentent de 15 % quand le prix de vente baisse de 10 %, l'élasticité de la demande par rapport au prix de vente est le quotient de la variation de la demande rapporté à la variation de prix de vente, soit -1,5 = (15 % / -10 %). Ici toute baisse de prix provoque une augmentation plus importante des quantités vendues.
Cross elasticity of demandIn economics, the cross (or cross-price) elasticity of demand measures the effect of changes in the price of one good on the quantity demanded of another good. This reflects the fact that the quantity demanded of good is dependent on not only its own price (price elasticity of demand) but also the price of other "related" good. The cross elasticity of demand is calculated as the ratio between the percentage change of the quantity demanded for a good and the percentage change in the price of another good, ceteris paribus:The sign of the cross elasticity indicates the relationship between two goods.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Elasticity of a functionIn mathematics, the elasticity or point elasticity of a positive differentiable function f of a positive variable (positive input, positive output) at point a is defined as or equivalently It is thus the ratio of the relative (percentage) change in the function's output with respect to the relative change in its input , for infinitesimal changes from a point . Equivalently, it is the ratio of the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of a function with respect to the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of the argument.
Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
Elasticity tensorThe elasticity tensor is a fourth-rank tensor describing the stress-strain relation in a linear elastic material. Other names are elastic modulus tensor and stiffness tensor. Common symbols include and . The defining equation can be written as where and are the components of the Cauchy stress tensor and infinitesimal strain tensor, and are the components of the elasticity tensor. Summation over repeated indices is implied. This relationship can be interpreted as a generalization of Hooke's law to a 3D continuum.
Linear elasticityLinear elasticity is a mathematical model of how solid objects deform and become internally stressed due to prescribed loading conditions. It is a simplification of the more general nonlinear theory of elasticity and a branch of continuum mechanics. The fundamental "linearizing" assumptions of linear elasticity are: infinitesimal strains or "small" deformations (or strains) and linear relationships between the components of stress and strain. In addition linear elasticity is valid only for stress states that do not produce yielding.
Solid solution strengtheningIn metallurgy, solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another element (the base metal), forming a solid solution. The local nonuniformity in the lattice due to the alloying element makes plastic deformation more difficult by impeding dislocation motion through stress fields. In contrast, alloying beyond the solubility limit can form a second phase, leading to strengthening via other mechanisms (e.
