Matrice orthogonaleUne matrice carrée A (n lignes, n colonnes) à coefficients réels est dite orthogonale si A A = I, où A est la matrice transposée de A et I est la matrice identité. Des exemples de matrices orthogonales sont les matrices de rotation, comme la matrice de rotation plane d'angle θ ou les matrices de permutation, comme Une matrice réelle A est orthogonale si et seulement si elle est inversible et son inverse est égale à sa transposée : A = A. Une matrice carrée est orthogonale si et seulement si ses vecteurs colonnes sont orthogonaux deux à deux et de norme 1.
Economic calculation problemThe economic calculation problem (sometimes abbreviated ECP) is a criticism of using economic planning as a substitute for market-based allocation of the factors of production. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in his 1920 article "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and later expanded upon by Friedrich Hayek. In his first article, Mises described the nature of the price system under capitalism and described how individual subjective values (while criticizing other theories of value) are translated into the objective information necessary for rational allocation of resources in society.
Classical orthogonal polynomialsIn mathematics, the classical orthogonal polynomials are the most widely used orthogonal polynomials: the Hermite polynomials, Laguerre polynomials, Jacobi polynomials (including as a special case the Gegenbauer polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials, and Legendre polynomials). They have many important applications in such areas as mathematical physics (in particular, the theory of random matrices), approximation theory, numerical analysis, and many others.
