Statistical parameterIn statistics, as opposed to its general use in mathematics, a parameter is any measured quantity of a statistical population that summarises or describes an aspect of the population, such as a mean or a standard deviation. If a population exactly follows a known and defined distribution, for example the normal distribution, then a small set of parameters can be measured which completely describes the population, and can be considered to define a probability distribution for the purposes of extracting samples from this population.
Espérance mathématiqueEn théorie des probabilités, l'espérance mathématique d'une variable aléatoire réelle est, intuitivement, la valeur que l'on s'attend à trouver, en moyenne, si l'on répète un grand nombre de fois la même expérience aléatoire. Elle se note et se lit . Elle correspond à une moyenne pondérée des valeurs que peut prendre cette variable. Dans le cas où celle-ci prend un nombre fini de valeurs, il s'agit d'une moyenne pondérée par les probabilités d'apparition de chaque valeur.
Pooled varianceIn statistics, pooled variance (also known as combined variance, composite variance, or overall variance, and written ) is a method for estimating variance of several different populations when the mean of each population may be different, but one may assume that the variance of each population is the same. The numerical estimate resulting from the use of this method is also called the pooled variance. Under the assumption of equal population variances, the pooled sample variance provides a higher precision estimate of variance than the individual sample variances.
Bayesian probabilityBayesian probability (ˈbeɪziən or ˈbeɪʒən ) is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief. The Bayesian interpretation of probability can be seen as an extension of propositional logic that enables reasoning with hypotheses; that is, with propositions whose truth or falsity is unknown.
Distribution of the product of two random variablesA product distribution is a probability distribution constructed as the distribution of the product of random variables having two other known distributions. Given two statistically independent random variables X and Y, the distribution of the random variable Z that is formed as the product is a product distribution. The product distribution is the PDF of the product of sample values. This is not the same as the product of their PDF's yet the concepts are often ambiguously termed as "product of Gaussians".
Foundations of statisticsStatistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data, and is used to solve practical problems and draw conclusions. When analyzing data, the approaches used can lead to different conclusions on the same data. For example, weather forecasts often vary among different forecasting agencies that use different forecasting algorithms and techniques. Conclusions drawn from statistical analysis often involve uncertainty as they represent the probability of an event occurring.
Point estimationIn statistics, point estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a single value (known as a point estimate since it identifies a point in some parameter space) which is to serve as a "best guess" or "best estimate" of an unknown population parameter (for example, the population mean). More formally, it is the application of a point estimator to the data to obtain a point estimate. Point estimation can be contrasted with interval estimation: such interval estimates are typically either confidence intervals, in the case of frequentist inference, or credible intervals, in the case of Bayesian inference.
Écart moyenEn statistique, et en probabilités, l'écart moyen est une mesure de la dispersion autour de la moyenne. Il se calcule ainsi : dans le cas d'une série discrète non triée, écart moyen = ; dans le cas d'une série discrète regroupée, écart moyen = ; dans le cas d'une série continue, écart moyen = . Pour une variable aléatoire réelle , l'écart moyen est la moyenne des écarts (absolus) à la moyenne : . On précise parfois écart moyen absolu, pour le différentier de l'écart moyen algébrique , lequel est nul.
Large numbersLarge numbers are numbers significantly larger than those typically used in everyday life (for instance in simple counting or in monetary transactions), appearing frequently in fields such as mathematics, cosmology, cryptography, and statistical mechanics. They are typically large positive integers, or more generally, large positive real numbers, but may also be other numbers in other contexts. Googology is the study of nomenclature and properties of large numbers.
Fonction de vraisemblancevignette|Exemple d'une fonction de vraisemblance pour le paramètre d'une Loi de Poisson En théorie des probabilités et en statistique, la fonction de vraisemblance (ou plus simplement vraisemblance) est une fonction des paramètres d'un modèle statistique calculée à partir de données observées. Les fonctions de vraisemblance jouent un rôle clé dans l'inférence statistique fréquentiste, en particulier pour les méthodes statistiques d'estimation de paramètres.
Noms des grands nombresLes noms des grands nombres sont des systèmes de dérivation lexicale qui permettent de nommer des nombres au-delà du langage courant. Dans les langues occidentales modernes, les grands nombres sont généralement nommés d'après l'un ou l'autre des deux systèmes incompatibles suivants : les échelles longue et courte. Ces deux systèmes définissent différemment les mots « billion », « trillion », « quadrillion » L'échelle longue définit aussi les noms « billiard », « trilliard », « quadrilliard » L'usage a souvent varié, même dans un pays donné, suivant les époques.
Law of averagesThe law of averages is the commonly held belief that a particular outcome or event will, over certain periods of time, occur at a frequency that is similar to its probability. Depending on context or application it can be considered a valid common-sense observation or a misunderstanding of probability. This notion can lead to the gambler's fallacy when one becomes convinced that a particular outcome must come soon simply because it has not occurred recently (e.g.
