Definite quadratic formIn mathematics, a definite quadratic form is a quadratic form over some real vector space V that has the same sign (always positive or always negative) for every non-zero vector of V. According to that sign, the quadratic form is called positive-definite or negative-definite. A semidefinite (or semi-definite) quadratic form is defined in much the same way, except that "always positive" and "always negative" are replaced by "never negative" and "never positive", respectively.
Internet layerThe internet layer is a group of internetworking methods, protocols, and specifications in the Internet protocol suite that are used to transport network packets from the originating host across network boundaries; if necessary, to the destination host specified by an IP address. The internet layer derives its name from its function facilitating internetworking, which is the concept of connecting multiple networks with each other through gateways.
Cube de HilbertEn topologie, on appelle cube de Hilbert l'espace produit muni de la topologie produit, autrement dit : l'espace des suites à valeurs dans [0, 1], muni de la topologie de la convergence simple. D'après le théorème de Tykhonov, c'est un espace compact. Il est homéomorphe au sous-espace suivant de l, pour tous : Il est donc métrisable et par conséquent (puisqu'il est compact), séparable et possède la propriété suivante : Cela fournit en particulier un moyen commode pour compactifier les espaces métrisables séparables, et aussi un critère pour les classifier selon leur complexité ; par exemple un espace est polonais si et seulement s'il est homéomorphe à l'intersection d'une suite d'ouverts de K.
Produit matriciel de Hadamardvignette|Illustration du produit de Hadamard: il s'applique à deux matrices de mêmes dimensions et la matrice en resultant a les mêmes dimensions également. En mathématiques, le produit matriciel de Hadamard, nommé d'après le mathématicien français Jacques Hadamard et parfois désigné produit de Schur, est une opération binaire qui pour deux matrices de mêmes dimensions, associe une autre matrice, de même dimension, et où chaque coefficient est le produit terme à terme des deux matrices.
Catastrophic interferenceCatastrophic interference, also known as catastrophic forgetting, is the tendency of an artificial neural network to abruptly and drastically forget previously learned information upon learning new information. Neural networks are an important part of the network approach and connectionist approach to cognitive science. With these networks, human capabilities such as memory and learning can be modeled using computer simulations. Catastrophic interference is an important issue to consider when creating connectionist models of memory.
Couche présentationthumb|Position de la couche présentation dans le modèle OSI La couche présentation est la du modèle OSI. La couche présentation est chargée du codage des données applicatives. Les couches 1 à 5 transportent des octets bruts sans se préoccuper de leur signification. Mais ce qui doit être transporté en pratique, c'est du texte, des nombres et parfois des structures de données arbitrairement complexes. Un protocole de routage par exemple doit transporter un graphe représentant au moins partiellement la topologie du réseau.
Physical neural networkA physical neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which an electrically adjustable material is used to emulate the function of a neural synapse or a higher-order (dendritic) neuron model. "Physical" neural network is used to emphasize the reliance on physical hardware used to emulate neurons as opposed to software-based approaches. More generally the term is applicable to other artificial neural networks in which a memristor or other electrically adjustable resistance material is used to emulate a neural synapse.
Square matrixIn mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order . Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied. Square matrices are often used to represent simple linear transformations, such as shearing or rotation. For example, if is a square matrix representing a rotation (rotation matrix) and is a column vector describing the position of a point in space, the product yields another column vector describing the position of that point after that rotation.
Matrice à diagonale dominanteIn mathematics, a square matrix is said to be diagonally dominant if, for every row of the matrix, the magnitude of the diagonal entry in a row is larger than or equal to the sum of the magnitudes of all the other (non-diagonal) entries in that row. More precisely, the matrix A is diagonally dominant if where aij denotes the entry in the ith row and jth column. This definition uses a weak inequality, and is therefore sometimes called weak diagonal dominance. If a strict inequality (>) is used, this is called strict diagonal dominance.
Cas9thumb|236px|Une structure du Cas9 de S. aureus dans un complexe avec un ARN guide (haut) et son ADN cible (bas). Cas9 (en) est une protéine d'origine bactérienne aux propriétés anti-virales. Sa capacité à couper l'ADN au niveau de séquences spécifiques en a fait un outil de biologie moléculaire aux vastes perspectives d'utilisation. C'est une endonucléase d'ADN guidée par ARN, c'est-à-dire une enzyme spécialisée pour couper l'ADN avec deux zones de coupe actives, une pour chaque brin de la double hélice.
Continuous functionIn mathematics, a continuous function is a function such that a continuous variation (that is a change without jump) of the argument induces a continuous variation of the value of the function. This means that there are no abrupt changes in value, known as discontinuities. More precisely, a function is continuous if arbitrarily small changes in its value can be assured by restricting to sufficiently small changes of its argument. A discontinuous function is a function that is .
Feature (machine learning)In machine learning and pattern recognition, a feature is an individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon. Choosing informative, discriminating and independent features is a crucial element of effective algorithms in pattern recognition, classification and regression. Features are usually numeric, but structural features such as strings and graphs are used in syntactic pattern recognition. The concept of "feature" is related to that of explanatory variable used in statistical techniques such as linear regression.
