MatroïdeEn mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en combinatoire, un matroïde est une structure introduite comme un cadre général pour le concept d'indépendance linéaire. Elle est donc naturellement liée à l'algèbre linéaire (déjà au niveau du vocabulaire : indépendant, base, rang), mais aussi à la théorie des graphes (circuit, cycle), à l'algorithmique (algorithme glouton), et à la géométrie (pour diverses questions liées à la représentation). La notion a été introduite en 1935 par Whitney. Le mot matroïde provient du mot matrice.
Graphic matroidIn the mathematical theory of matroids, a graphic matroid (also called a cycle matroid or polygon matroid) is a matroid whose independent sets are the forests in a given finite undirected graph. The dual matroids of graphic matroids are called co-graphic matroids or bond matroids. A matroid that is both graphic and co-graphic is sometimes called a planar matroid (but this should not be confused with matroids of rank 3, which generalize planar point configurations); these are exactly the graphic matroids formed from planar graphs.
Matroid rankIn the mathematical theory of matroids, the rank of a matroid is the maximum size of an independent set in the matroid. The rank of a subset S of elements of the matroid is, similarly, the maximum size of an independent subset of S, and the rank function of the matroid maps sets of elements to their ranks. The rank function is one of the fundamental concepts of matroid theory via which matroids may be axiomatized. Matroid rank functions form an important subclass of the submodular set functions.
Matroid representationIn the mathematical theory of matroids, a matroid representation is a family of vectors whose linear independence relation is the same as that of a given matroid. Matroid representations are analogous to group representations; both types of representation provide abstract algebraic structures (matroids and groups respectively) with concrete descriptions in terms of linear algebra. A linear matroid is a matroid that has a representation, and an F-linear matroid (for a field F) is a matroid that has a representation using a vector space over F.
Vámos matroidIn mathematics, the Vámos matroid or Vámos cube is a matroid over a set of eight elements that cannot be represented as a matrix over any field. It is named after English mathematician Peter Vámos, who first described it in an unpublished manuscript in 1968. The Vámos matroid has eight elements, which may be thought of as the eight vertices of a cube or cuboid. The matroid has rank 4: all sets of three or fewer elements are independent, and 65 of the 70 possible sets of four elements are also independent.
Graphe bipartiEn théorie des graphes, un graphe est dit biparti si son ensemble de sommets peut être divisé en deux sous-ensembles disjoints et tels que chaque arête ait une extrémité dans et l'autre dans . Un graphe biparti permet notamment de représenter une relation binaire. Il existe plusieurs façons de caractériser un graphe biparti. Par le nombre chromatique Les graphes bipartis sont les graphes dont le nombre chromatique est inférieur ou égal à 2. Par la longueur des cycles Un graphe est biparti si et seulement s'il ne contient pas de cycle impair.
Couplage (théorie des graphes)En théorie des graphes, un couplage ou appariement (en anglais matching) d'un graphe est un ensemble d'arêtes de ce graphe qui n'ont pas de sommets en commun. Soit un graphe simple non orienté G = (S, A) (où S est l'ensemble des sommets et A l'ensemble des arêtes, qui sont certaines paires de sommets), un couplage M est un ensemble d'arêtes deux à deux non adjacentes. C'est-à-dire que M est une partie de l'ensemble A des arêtes telle que Un couplage maximum est un couplage contenant le plus grand nombre possible d'arêtes.
Oriented matroidAn oriented matroid is a mathematical structure that abstracts the properties of directed graphs, vector arrangements over ordered fields, and hyperplane arrangements over ordered fields. In comparison, an ordinary (i.e., non-oriented) matroid abstracts the dependence properties that are common both to graphs, which are not necessarily directed, and to arrangements of vectors over fields, which are not necessarily ordered. All oriented matroids have an underlying matroid.
Bicircular matroidIn the mathematical subject of matroid theory, the bicircular matroid of a graph G is the matroid B(G) whose points are the edges of G and whose independent sets are the edge sets of pseudoforests of G, that is, the edge sets in which each connected component contains at most one cycle. The bicircular matroid was introduced by and explored further by and others. It is a special case of the frame matroid of a biased graph.
Bipartite double coverIn graph theory, the bipartite double cover of an undirected graph G is a bipartite, covering graph of G, with twice as many vertices as G. It can be constructed as the tensor product of graphs, G × K_2. It is also called the Kronecker double cover, canonical double cover or simply the bipartite double of G. It should not be confused with a cycle double cover of a graph, a family of cycles that includes each edge twice. The bipartite double cover of G has two vertices u_i and w_i for each vertex v_i of G.
Maximum cardinality matchingMaximum cardinality matching is a fundamental problem in graph theory. We are given a graph G, and the goal is to find a matching containing as many edges as possible; that is, a maximum cardinality subset of the edges such that each vertex is adjacent to at most one edge of the subset. As each edge will cover exactly two vertices, this problem is equivalent to the task of finding a matching that covers as many vertices as possible.
Geometric latticeIn the mathematics of matroids and lattices, a geometric lattice is a finite atomistic semimodular lattice, and a matroid lattice is an atomistic semimodular lattice without the assumption of finiteness. Geometric lattices and matroid lattices, respectively, form the lattices of flats of finite, or finite and infinite, matroids, and every geometric or matroid lattice comes from a matroid in this way. A lattice is a poset in which any two elements and have both a least upper bound, called the join or supremum, denoted by , and a greatest lower bound, called the meet or infimum, denoted by .
Matching in hypergraphsIn graph theory, a matching in a hypergraph is a set of hyperedges, in which every two hyperedges are disjoint. It is an extension of the notion of matching in a graph. Recall that a hypergraph H is a pair (V, E), where V is a set of vertices and E is a set of subsets of V called hyperedges. Each hyperedge may contain one or more vertices. A matching in H is a subset M of E, such that every two hyperedges e_1 and e_2 in M have an empty intersection (have no vertex in common).
Perfect matchingIn graph theory, a perfect matching in a graph is a matching that covers every vertex of the graph. More formally, given a graph G = (V, E), a perfect matching in G is a subset M of edge set E, such that every vertex in the vertex set V is adjacent to exactly one edge in M. A perfect matching is also called a 1-factor; see Graph factorization for an explanation of this term. In some literature, the term complete matching is used. Every perfect matching is a maximum-cardinality matching, but the opposite is not true.
Matroid oracleIn mathematics and computer science, a matroid oracle is a subroutine through which an algorithm may access a matroid, an abstract combinatorial structure that can be used to describe the linear dependencies between vectors in a vector space or the spanning trees of a graph, among other applications. The most commonly used oracle of this type is an independence oracle, a subroutine for testing whether a set of matroid elements is independent.
Rainbow matchingIn the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a rainbow matching in an edge-colored graph is a matching in which all the edges have distinct colors. Given an edge-colored graph G = (V,E), a rainbow matching M in G is a set of pairwise non-adjacent edges, that is, no two edges share a common vertex, such that all the edges in the set have distinct colors. A maximum rainbow matching is a rainbow matching that contains the largest possible number of edges. Rainbow matchings are of particular interest given their connection to transversals of Latin squares.
Maximum weight matchingIn computer science and graph theory, the maximum weight matching problem is the problem of finding, in a weighted graph, a matching in which the sum of weights is maximized. A special case of it is the assignment problem, in which the input is restricted to be a bipartite graph, and the matching constrained to be have cardinality that of the smaller of the two partitions. Another special case is the problem of finding a maximum cardinality matching on an unweighted graph: this corresponds to the case where all edge weights are the same.
Fractional matchingIn graph theory, a fractional matching is a generalization of a matching in which, intuitively, each vertex may be broken into fractions that are matched to different neighbor vertices. Given a graph G = (V, E), a fractional matching in G is a function that assigns, to each edge e in E, a fraction f(e) in [0, 1], such that for every vertex v in V, the sum of fractions of edges adjacent to v is at most 1: A matching in the traditional sense is a special case of a fractional matching, in which the fraction of every edge is either 0 or 1: f(e) = 1 if e is in the matching, and f(e) = 0 if it is not.
Extension abélienneEn algèbre générale, plus précisément en théorie de Galois, une extension abélienne est une extension de Galois dont le groupe de Galois est abélien. Lorsque ce groupe est cyclique, l'extension est dite cyclique. Toute extension finie d'un corps fini est une extension cyclique. L'étude de la théorie des corps de classes décrit de façon détaillée toutes les extensions abéliennes dans le cas des corps de nombres, et des corps de fonctions de courbes algébriques sur des corps finis, ainsi que dans le cas des corps locaux (Théorie du corps de classes local).
Extension de corpsEn mathématiques, plus particulièrement en algèbre, une extension d'un corps commutatif K est un corps L qui contient K comme sous-corps. Par exemple, le corps C des nombres complexes est une extension du corps R des nombres réels, lequel est lui-même une extension du corps Q des nombres rationnels. On note parfois L/K pour indiquer que L est une extension de K. Soit K un corps. Une extension de K est un couple (L, j) où L est un corps et j un morphisme de corps de K dans L (les morphismes de corps étant systématiquement injectifs).
