Géométrie euclidienneLa géométrie euclidienne commence avec les Éléments d'Euclide, qui est à la fois une somme des connaissances géométriques de l'époque et une tentative de formalisation mathématique de ces connaissances. Les notions de droite, de plan, de longueur, d'aire y sont exposées et forment le support des cours de géométrie élémentaire. La conception de la géométrie est intimement liée à la vision de l'espace physique ambiant au sens classique du terme.
Plan (mathématiques)En géométrie classique, un plan est une surface plate illimitée, munie de notions d’alignement, d’angle et de distance, et dans laquelle peuvent s’inscrire des points, droites, cercles et autres figures planes usuelles. Il sert ainsi de cadre à la géométrie plane, et en particulier à la trigonométrie lorsqu’il est muni d’une orientation, et permet de représenter l’ensemble des nombres complexes. Un plan peut aussi se concevoir comme partie d’un espace tridimensionnel euclidien, dans lequel il permet de définir les sections planes d’un solide ou d’une autre surface.
3D projectionA 3D projection (or graphical projection) is a design technique used to display a three-dimensional (3D) object on a two-dimensional (2D) surface. These projections rely on visual perspective and aspect analysis to project a complex object for viewing capability on a simpler plane. 3D projections use the primary qualities of an object's basic shape to create a map of points, that are then connected to one another to create a visual element.
Axonometric projectionAxonometric projection is a type of orthographic projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated around one or more of its axes to reveal multiple sides. "Axonometry" means "to measure along the axes". In German literature, axonometry is based on Pohlke's theorem, such that the scope of axonometric projection could encompass every type of parallel projection, including not only orthographic projection (and multiview projection), but also oblique projection.
Total least squaresIn applied statistics, total least squares is a type of errors-in-variables regression, a least squares data modeling technique in which observational errors on both dependent and independent variables are taken into account. It is a generalization of Deming regression and also of orthogonal regression, and can be applied to both linear and non-linear models. The total least squares approximation of the data is generically equivalent to the best, in the Frobenius norm, low-rank approximation of the data matrix.
Adjugate matrixIn linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix A is the transpose of its cofactor matrix and is denoted by adj(A). It is also occasionally known as adjunct matrix, or "adjoint", though the latter term today normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which for a matrix is the conjugate transpose. The product of a matrix with its adjugate gives a diagonal matrix (entries not on the main diagonal are zero) whose diagonal entries are the determinant of the original matrix: where I is the identity matrix of the same size as A.
Complément orthogonalEn mathématiques, plus précisément en algèbre linéaire et en analyse fonctionnelle, le complément orthogonal W d'un sous-espace vectoriel W d'un espace préhilbertien V est l'ensemble des vecteurs de V qui sont orthogonaux à tout vecteur de W, c'est-à-dire Le complément orthogonal est toujours un sous-espace vectoriel fermé. Pour un espace de Hilbert, d'après le théorème du supplémentaire orthogonal, le complément orthogonal du complément orthogonal de W est l'adhérence de W, soit File:Orthogonal1.
Regularized least squaresRegularized least squares (RLS) is a family of methods for solving the least-squares problem while using regularization to further constrain the resulting solution. RLS is used for two main reasons. The first comes up when the number of variables in the linear system exceeds the number of observations. In such settings, the ordinary least-squares problem is ill-posed and is therefore impossible to fit because the associated optimization problem has infinitely many solutions.
Matrix ringIn abstract algebra, a matrix ring is a set of matrices with entries in a ring R that form a ring under matrix addition and matrix multiplication . The set of all n × n matrices with entries in R is a matrix ring denoted Mn(R) (alternative notations: Matn(R) and Rn×n). Some sets of infinite matrices form infinite matrix rings. Any subring of a matrix ring is a matrix ring. Over a rng, one can form matrix rngs. When R is a commutative ring, the matrix ring Mn(R) is an associative algebra over R, and may be called a matrix algebra.
Projection (mathematics)In mathematics, a projection is an idempotent mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into a subset (or sub-structure). In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once. The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a projection, even if the idempotence property is lost. An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (sheet of paper): the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency).
Espace vectorielvignette|Dans un espace vectoriel, on peut additionner deux vecteurs. Par exemple, la somme du vecteur v (en bleu) et w (en rouge) est v + w. On peut aussi multiplier un vecteur, comme le vecteur w que l'on peut multiplier par 2, on obtient alors 2w et la somme devient v + 2w. En mathématiques, plus précisément en algèbre linéaire, un espace vectoriel est un ensemble d'objets, appelés vecteurs, que l'on peut additionner entre eux, et que l'on peut multiplier par un scalaire (pour les étirer ou les rétrécir, les tourner, etc.
Multilinear subspace learningMultilinear subspace learning is an approach for disentangling the causal factor of data formation and performing dimensionality reduction. The Dimensionality reduction can be performed on a data tensor that contains a collection of observations have been vectorized, or observations that are treated as matrices and concatenated into a data tensor. Here are some examples of data tensors whose observations are vectorized or whose observations are matrices concatenated into data tensor s (2D/3D), video sequences (3D/4D), and hyperspectral cubes (3D/4D).
