Lattice-based cryptographyLattice-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives that involve lattices, either in the construction itself or in the security proof. Lattice-based constructions are currently important candidates for post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as the RSA, Diffie-Hellman or elliptic-curve cryptosystems — which could, theoretically, be defeated using Shor's algorithm on a quantum computer — some lattice-based constructions appear to be resistant to attack by both classical and quantum computers.
Key-agreement protocolIn cryptography, a key-agreement protocol is a protocol whereby two or more parties can agree on a cryptographic key in such a way that both influence the outcome. If properly done, this precludes undesired third parties from forcing a key choice on the agreeing parties. Protocols that are useful in practice also do not reveal to any eavesdropping party what key has been agreed upon. Many key exchange systems have one party generate the key, and simply send that key to the other party—the other party has no influence on the key.
Distribution quantique de cléL'échange quantique de clé (ou distribution quantique de clé, ou négociation quantique de clé), souvent abrégé QKD (pour l'anglais : quantum key distribution) est un échange de clé, c'est-à-dire un protocole cryptographique visant à établir un secret partagé entre deux participants qui communiquent sur un canal non sécurisé. Ce secret sert généralement à générer une clé cryptographique commune (c'est pourquoi il s'agit d'échange de clé, au singulier), permettant ensuite aux participants de chiffrer leurs communications au moyen d'un algorithme de chiffrement symétrique.
Générateur de nombres aléatoires matérielEn informatique, un générateur de nombres aléatoires matériel (aussi appelé générateur de nombres aléatoires physique ; en anglais, hardware random number generator ou true random number generator) est un appareil qui génère des nombres aléatoires à partir d'un phénomène physique, plutôt qu'au moyen d'un programme informatique. De tels appareils sont souvent basés sur des phénomènes microscopiques qui génèrent de faibles signaux de bruit statistiquement aléatoires, tels que le bruit thermique ou l'effet photoélectrique.
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computerNuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing (NMRQC) is one of the several proposed approaches for constructing a quantum computer, that uses the spin states of nuclei within molecules as qubits. The quantum states are probed through the nuclear magnetic resonances, allowing the system to be implemented as a variation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems, in this case molecules, rather than a single pure state.
Information quantiqueLa théorie de l'information quantique, parfois abrégée simplement en information quantique, est un développement de la théorie de l'information de Claude Shannon exploitant les propriétés de la mécanique quantique, notamment le principe de superposition ou encore l'intrication. L'unité qui est utilisée pour quantifier l'information quantique est le qubit, par analogie avec le bit d'information classique.
Quantum programmingQuantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment. Quantum circuit algorithms can be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted with instrumentation, or written in a programming language for use with a quantum computer or a quantum processor. With quantum processor based systems, quantum programming languages help express quantum algorithms using high-level constructs.
RSA SecurityRSA Security est une entreprise inscrite au NASDAQ appartenant à EMC depuis le . Son siège social est à Bedford, au Massachusetts, et la société a des bureaux en Irlande, au Royaume-Uni, à Singapour et au Japon. RSA Security organise la conférence annuelle RSA Conference. Ses produits les mieux connus sont les bibliothèques cryptographiques B-SAFE et le ticket d'authentification SecurID. RSA est un sigle formé à partir des noms de ses fondateurs : Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir et Leonard Adleman.
Suprématie quantiqueLa suprématie quantique, aussi appelée avantage quantique, désigne le nombre de qubits au-delà duquel plus aucun superordinateur classique n'est capable de gérer la croissance exponentielle de la mémoire et la bande passante de communication nécessaire pour simuler son équivalent quantique. Les superordinateurs de 2017 peuvent reproduire les résultats d'un ordinateur quantique de , mais à partir de cela devient physiquement impossible. Le seuil d'environ 50 qubits correspond à la limite théorique de la suprématie quantique.
Quantum networkQuantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a small quantum computer being able to perform quantum logic gates on a certain number of qubits. Quantum networks work in a similar way to classical networks. The main difference is that quantum networking, like quantum computing, is better at solving certain problems, such as modeling quantum systems.
Random number generator attackThe security of cryptographic systems depends on some secret data that is known to authorized persons but unknown and unpredictable to others. To achieve this unpredictability, some randomization is typically employed. Modern cryptographic protocols often require frequent generation of random quantities. Cryptographic attacks that subvert or exploit weaknesses in this process are known as random number generator attacks.
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generatorA cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also loosely known as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random numbers, for example: key generation nonces salts in certain signature schemes, including ECDSA, RSASSA-PSS The "quality" of the randomness required for these applications varies.
