Shortwave radioShortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave (SW) radio frequencies. There is no official definition of the band, but the range always includes all of the high frequency band (HF), which extends from 3 to 30 MHz (100 to 10 metres); above the medium frequency band (MF), to the bottom of the VHF band. Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere.
StopbandA stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, through which a circuit, such as a filter or telephone circuit, does not allow signals to pass, or the attenuation is above the required stopband attenuation level. Depending on application, the required attenuation within the stopband may typically be a value between 20 and 120 dB higher than the nominal passband attenuation, which often is 0 dB. The lower and upper limiting frequencies, also denoted lower and upper stopband corner frequencies, are the frequencies where the stopband and the transition bands meet in a filter specification.
Big BangLe Big Bang (« Grand Boum ») est un modèle cosmologique utilisé par les scientifiques pour décrire l'origine et l'évolution de l'Univers. De façon générale, le terme « Big Bang » est associé à toutes les théories qui décrivent notre Univers comme issu d'une dilatation rapide. Par extension, il est également associé à cette époque dense et chaude qu’a connue l’Univers il y a d’années, sans que cela préjuge de l’existence d’un « instant initial » ou d’un commencement à son histoire.
Univers observableL'Univers observable est, en cosmologie, la partie visible de notre Univers. Il est donc une boule dont la limite est située à l'horizon cosmologique et dont la Terre constitue le centre. C'est ainsi une notion relative, d'autres observateurs situés ailleurs dans l'Univers n'ont pas la même boule observable, mais une similaire de même rayon.
Gain d'antenneLe gain d'antenne est le pouvoir d'amplification passif d'une antenne. C'est le rapport entre la puissance rayonnée dans le lobe principal et la puissance rayonnée par une antenne de référence, isotrope ou dipolaire. Le gain d'une antenne dépend principalement de sa surface équivalente, de sa directivité et de la fréquence. Le gain d'une antenne s'exprime normalement en dBi, en prenant pour référence une antenne isotrope, c’est-à-dire une antenne fictive qui rayonne uniformément dans toutes les directions.
UndersamplingIn signal processing, undersampling or bandpass sampling is a technique where one samples a bandpass-filtered signal at a sample rate below its Nyquist rate (twice the upper cutoff frequency), but is still able to reconstruct the signal. When one undersamples a bandpass signal, the samples are indistinguishable from the samples of a low-frequency alias of the high-frequency signal. Such sampling is also known as bandpass sampling, harmonic sampling, IF sampling, and direct IF-to-digital conversion.
Prototype filterPrototype filters are electronic filter designs that are used as a template to produce a modified filter design for a particular application. They are an example of a nondimensionalised design from which the desired filter can be scaled or transformed. They are most often seen in regard to electronic filters and especially linear analogue passive filters. However, in principle, the method can be applied to any kind of linear filter or signal processing, including mechanical, acoustic and optical filters.
LongwaveIn radio, longwave, long wave or long-wave, and commonly abbreviated LW, refers to parts of the radio spectrum with wavelengths longer than what was originally called the medium-wave broadcasting band. The term is historic, dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of longwave (LW), medium-wave (MW), and short-wave (SW) radio bands. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'.
Nyquist rateIn signal processing, the Nyquist rate, named after Harry Nyquist, is a value (in units of samples per second or hertz, Hz) equal to twice the highest frequency (bandwidth) of a given function or signal. When the function is digitized at a higher sample rate (see ), the resulting discrete-time sequence is said to be free of the distortion known as aliasing. Conversely, for a given sample-rate the corresponding Nyquist frequency in Hz is one-half the sample-rate.
Platt scalingIn machine learning, Platt scaling or Platt calibration is a way of transforming the outputs of a classification model into a probability distribution over classes. The method was invented by John Platt in the context of support vector machines, replacing an earlier method by Vapnik, but can be applied to other classification models. Platt scaling works by fitting a logistic regression model to a classifier's scores. Consider the problem of binary classification: for inputs x, we want to determine whether they belong to one of two classes, arbitrarily labeled +1 and −1.
ObservatoireUn observatoire est un lieu utilisé pour observer les événements terrestres ou célestes. L’astronomie, la climatologie, météorologie, la géophysique, l'océanographie et la volcanologie sont des exemples de disciplines pour lesquelles des observatoires ont été construits. Historiquement, les observatoires étaient aussi simples que de contenir un sextant astronomique (pour mesurer la distance entre les étoiles) ou Stonehenge qui a quelques alignements sur les phénomènes astronomiques.
Télescope spatialvignette|Le télescope spatial Hubble en orbite autour de la Terre (1997). Un télescope spatial est un télescope placé au-delà de l'atmosphère. Le télescope spatial présente l'avantage par rapport à son homologue terrestre de ne pas être perturbé par l'atmosphère terrestre. Celle-ci déforme le rayonnement lumineux (...infrarouge, visible, ultraviolet...) et en absorbe une grande partie (surtout infrarouge et ultraviolet).
