Vecteurdroite|cadre|Deux vecteurs et et leur vecteur somme. En mathématiques, un vecteur est un objet généralisant plusieurs notions provenant de la géométrie (couples de points, translations, etc.), de l'algèbre (« solution » d'un système d'équations à plusieurs inconnues), ou de la physique (forces, vitesses, accélérations). Rigoureusement axiomatisée, la notion de vecteur est le fondement de la branche des mathématiques appelée algèbre linéaire.
Momentum operatorIn quantum mechanics, the momentum operator is the operator associated with the linear momentum. The momentum operator is, in the position representation, an example of a differential operator. For the case of one particle in one spatial dimension, the definition is: where ħ is Planck's reduced constant, i the imaginary unit, x is the spatial coordinate, and a partial derivative (denoted by ) is used instead of a total derivative (d/dx) since the wave function is also a function of time. The "hat" indicates an operator.
Four-gradientIn differential geometry, the four-gradient (or 4-gradient) is the four-vector analogue of the gradient from vector calculus. In special relativity and in quantum mechanics, the four-gradient is used to define the properties and relations between the various physical four-vectors and tensors. This article uses the (+ − − −) metric signature. SR and GR are abbreviations for special relativity and general relativity respectively. indicates the speed of light in vacuum. is the flat spacetime metric of SR.
