ProtistaLes protistes, sont des microorganismes eucaryotes à organisation cellulaire dite simple, unicellulaire le plus souvent, multicellulaire parfois mais sans tissus spécialisés. Ce sont des Eucaryotes autres qu'un animal (Animalia), un champignon (Fungi) ou une plante (Plantae). Ce groupe est très hétérogène, tant du point de vue anatomique que physiologique. Certains protistes sont des organismes autotrophes (on parlait de protophytes), d'autres sont hétérotrophes (appelés protozoaires) et d'autres encore sont mixotrophes comme certains dinoflagellés.
Chromosomevignette|400px|Description de la structure d'un chromosome. Un chromosome (du χρώμα, couleur et σώμα, corps, élément) est un élément microscopique constitué d'une molécule d'ADN et de protéines, les histones et les protéines non histones. Il porte les gènes, supports de l'information génétique, transmis des cellules mères aux cellules filles lors des divisions cellulaires. Dans les cellules eucaryotes, les chromosomes se trouvent dans le noyau.
Origin recognition complexIn molecular biology, origin recognition complex (ORC) is a multi-subunit DNA binding complex (6 subunits) that binds in all eukaryotes and archaea in an ATP-dependent manner to origins of replication. The subunits of this complex are encoded by the ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6 genes. ORC is a central component for eukaryotic DNA replication, and remains bound to chromatin at replication origins throughout the cell cycle. ORC directs DNA replication throughout the genome and is required for its initiation.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
Chromosome homologuevignette|260px|Comme ce caryotype le montre, une cellule humaine diploïde contient 23 paires de chromosomes homologues (seule la , les chromosomes sexuels, sont des chromosomes homologues hétérosomes). La cellule possède donc deux exemplaires de chaque chromosome; l'un des deux provient de la mère et l'autre du père. Les chromosomes paternels et maternels dans une paire homologue ont les mêmes gènes aux mêmes loci, mais peuvent être composés de différents allèles.
Circular chromosomeA circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA, unlike the linear chromosome of most eukaryotes. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges.
Pre-replication complexA pre-replication complex (pre-RC) is a protein complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initiation step of DNA replication. Formation of the pre-RC is required for DNA replication to occur. Complete and faithful replication of the genome ensures that each daughter cell will carry the same genetic information as the parent cell. Accordingly, formation of the pre-RC is a very important part of the cell cycle. As organisms evolved and became increasingly more complex, so did their pre-RCs.
Genome instabilityGenome instability (also genetic instability or genomic instability) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage. These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences, chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy. Genome instability does occur in bacteria. In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis, and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy.
PeptidaseLes peptidases (ou protéases ou enzymes protéolytiques) sont des enzymes qui brisent les liaisons peptidiques des protéines. On parle alors de coupure protéolytique ou de protéolyse. Ce processus implique l'utilisation d'une molécule d'eau ce qui les classe parmi les hydrolases. Les fonctions biologiques des protéases sont variées : elles interviennent dans la maturation des protéines, dans la digestion des aliments, dans la coagulation sanguine, dans le remodelage des tissus au cours du développement de l'organisme et dans la cicatrisation.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates (over 75 have been identified in budding yeast); phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 7Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, or cell division protein kinase 7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family. CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression. This protein forms a trimeric complex with cyclin H and MAT1, which functions as a Cdk-activating kinase (CAK).
Kinase dépendante des cyclinesvignette|350px|Schéma du cycle cellulaire. Cercle extérieur: I=Interphase, M=Mitose; cercle intérieur: M=Mitose et cytocinèse; G1=Phase G1; S=Phase S; G2=Phase G2. La durée de la mitose par rapport aux autres phases du cycle cellulaire est exagérée dans ce diagramme Les kinases dépendantes des cyclines (en anglais, cyclin-dependent kinase ou CDK) sont une famille de protéines kinases qui jouent un rôle majeur dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire.
