Circulation atmosphériquevignette|upright=1.25|Vue idéalisée des trois cellules ou zones de circulation atmosphérique La circulation atmosphérique se caractérise par le mouvement à l'échelle planétaire des différentes masses d'air entourant la Terre, ce qui redistribue l'énergie solaire en conjonction avec la circulation océanique. Ainsi, comme la Terre est un sphéroïde, la radiation solaire incidente au sol varie entre un maximum aux régions faisant face directement au Soleil, situé selon les saisons plus ou moins loin de l'équateur, et un minimum à celles très inclinées par rapport à ce dernier, proches des pôles.
Circulation thermohalinevignette|300px|La circulation thermohaline mondiale correspond au couplage de plusieurs cellules de convection océaniques et participe à la redistribution de la chaleur. vignette|Animation de la circulation thermohaline. La circulation thermohaline, appelée aussi circulation océanique profonde, est la circulation océanique engendrée par les différences de densité (masse volumique) de l'eau de mer, à l'origine de courants marins de profondeur. Ces différences de densité proviennent des écarts de température et de salinité des masses d'eau, d'où le terme de thermo et halin .
Walker circulationThe Walker circulation, also known as the Walker cell, is a conceptual model of the air flow in the tropics in the lower atmosphere (troposphere). According to this model, parcels of air follow a closed circulation in the zonal and vertical directions. This circulation, which is roughly consistent with observations, is caused by differences in heat distribution between ocean and land. It was discovered by Gilbert Walker.
PhysiologieLa physiologie (du grec φύσις, phusis, la nature, et λόγος, logos, l'étude, la science) étudie le rôle, le fonctionnement et l'organisation mécanique, physique et biochimique des organismes vivants et de leurs composants (organes, tissus, cellules et organites cellulaires). La physiologie étudie également les interactions entre un organisme vivant et son environnement. Dans l'ensemble des disciplines biologiques, en définissant schématiquement des niveaux d'organisation, la physiologie est une discipline voisine de l'histologie, de la morphologie et de l'anatomie.
Evolutionary physiologyEvolutionary physiology is the study of the biological evolution of physiological structures and processes; that is, the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of organisms have responded to natural selection across multiple generations during the history of the population. It is a sub-discipline of both physiology and evolutionary biology. Practitioners in the field come from a variety of backgrounds, including physiology, evolutionary biology, ecology, and genetics.
Comparative physiologyComparative physiology is a subdiscipline of physiology that studies and exploits the diversity of functional characteristics of various kinds of organisms. It is closely related to evolutionary physiology and environmental physiology. Many universities offer undergraduate courses that cover comparative aspects of animal physiology. According to Clifford Ladd Prosser, "Comparative Physiology is not so much a defined discipline as a viewpoint, a philosophy.
Hadley cellThe Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 25 degrees latitude, and then returning equatorward near the surface. It is a thermally-direct circulation within the troposphere that emerges due to differences in insolation and heating between the tropics and the subtropics.
Atlantic meridional overturning circulationThe Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is part of a global thermohaline circulation in the oceans and is the zonally integrated component of surface and deep currents in the Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by a northward flow of warm, salty water in the upper layers of the Atlantic, and a southward flow of colder, deep waters. These "limbs" are linked by regions of overturning in the Nordic and Labrador Seas and the Southern Ocean, although the extent of overturning in the Labrador Sea is disputed.
