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Séance de cours

Techniques et applications de rayons X

Concepts associés (23)

Valence (chimie)

La valence d'un élément chimique est le nombre maximal de liaisons covalentes ou ioniques qu'il peut former en fonction de sa configuration électronique. Dans une molécule ou un ion, la valence d'un atome est le nombre de liaisons covalentes que cet atome a formées. Dans un ion monoatomique, sa valence est sa charge, on parle alors d'électrovalence.

Electron counting

In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. Many rules in chemistry rely on electron-counting: Octet rule is used with Lewis structures for main group elements, especially the lighter ones such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, 18-electron rule in inorganic chemistry and organometallic chemistry of transition metals, Hückel's rule for the π-electrons of aromatic compounds, Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory for polyhedral cluster compounds, including transition metals and main group elements and mixtures thereof, such as boranes.

Valence and conduction bands

In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level, and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid. In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the conduction band is the lowest range of vacant electronic states. On a graph of the electronic band structure of a semiconducting material, the valence band is located below the Fermi level, while the conduction band is located above it.