Concurrency (computer science)In computer science, concurrency is the ability of different parts or units of a program, algorithm, or problem to be executed out-of-order or in partial order, without affecting the outcome. This allows for parallel execution of the concurrent units, which can significantly improve overall speed of the execution in multi-processor and multi-core systems. In more technical terms, concurrency refers to the decomposability of a program, algorithm, or problem into order-independent or partially-ordered components or units of computation.
Federated database systemA federated database system (FDBS) is a type of meta-database management system (DBMS), which transparently maps multiple autonomous database systems into a single federated database. The constituent databases are interconnected via a computer network and may be geographically decentralized. Since the constituent database systems remain autonomous, a federated database system is a contrastable alternative to the (sometimes daunting) task of merging several disparate databases.
Comparison of relational database management systemsThe following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs. The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on. Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively. Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited transaction isolation.
Database transactionA database transaction symbolizes a unit of work, performed within a database management system (or similar system) against a database, that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. A transaction generally represents any change in a database. Transactions in a database environment have two main purposes: To provide reliable units of work that allow correct recovery from failures and keep a database consistent even in cases of system failure.
Transaction informatiqueEn informatique, et particulièrement dans les bases de données, une transaction telle qu'une réservation, un achat ou un paiement est mise en œuvre via une suite d'opérations qui font passer la base de données d'un état A à un état B postérieur et des mécanismes permettent d'obtenir que cette suite soit à la fois atomique, cohérente, isolée et durable (ACID). atomique : la suite d'opérations est indivisible, en cas d'échec en cours d'une des opérations, la suite d'opérations doit être complètement annulée (rollback) quel que soit le nombre d'opérations déjà réussies.
Fichier exécutableEn informatique et en technologies de l'information, un fichier exécutable, parfois (par métonymie) un programme, ou simplement un exécutable est un fichier contenant un programme et identifié par le système d'exploitation en tant que tel. Le chargement d'un tel fichier entraîne la création d'un processus dans le système, et l'exécution du programme, par opposition au fichier de données qui doit d'abord être interprété par un programme pour prendre sens.
Distributed transactionA distributed transaction is a database transaction in which two or more network hosts are involved. Usually, hosts provide transactional resources, while the transaction manager is responsible for creating and managing a global transaction that encompasses all operations against such resources. Distributed transactions, as any other transactions, must have all four ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) properties, where atomicity guarantees all-or-nothing outcomes for the unit of work (operations bundle).
Portable ExecutableLe format PE (Portable Executable, exécutable portable) est un format de fichiers dérivé du regroupant les exécutables et les bibliothèques sur les systèmes d'exploitation Windows 32 bits et 64 bits. Les extensions couvertes par ce format sont, l'extension .ocx (OLE et ActiveX), l'extension .dll et l'extension .cpl. C'est également le format utilisé pour les exécutables de l'UEFI (.efi). Microsoft a adopté le format PE avec l'introduction de Windows NT 3.1. Toutes les versions suivantes de Windows, incluant Windows 10/11, supportent ce format.
Executable compressionExecutable compression is any means of compressing an executable file and combining the compressed data with decompression code into a single executable. When this compressed executable is executed, the decompression code recreates the original code from the compressed code before executing it. In most cases this happens transparently so the compressed executable can be used in exactly the same way as the original. Executable compressors are often referred to as "runtime packers", "software packers", "software protectors" (or even "polymorphic packers" and "obfuscating tools").
Snapshot isolationIn databases, and transaction processing (transaction management), snapshot isolation is a guarantee that all reads made in a transaction will see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only if no updates it has made conflict with any concurrent updates made since that snapshot.
Transactional memoryIn computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing. Transactional memory systems provide high-level abstraction as an alternative to low-level thread synchronization. This abstraction allows for coordination between concurrent reads and writes of shared data in parallel systems.
Digital Signal 1Digital Signal 1 (DS1, sometimes DS-1) is a T-carrier signaling scheme devised by Bell Labs. DS1 is the primary digital telephone standard used in the United States, Canada and Japan and is able to transmit up to 24 multiplexed voice and data calls over telephone lines. E-carrier is used in place of T-carrier outside the United States, Canada, Japan, and South Korea. DS1 is the logical bit pattern used over a physical T1 line; in practice, the terms DS1 and T1 are often used interchangeably.
