Régression logistiqueEn statistiques, la régression logistique ou modèle logit est un modèle de régression binomiale. Comme pour tous les modèles de régression binomiale, il s'agit d'expliquer au mieux une variable binaire (la présence ou l'absence d'une caractéristique donnée) par des observations réelles nombreuses, grâce à un modèle mathématique. En d'autres termes d'associer une variable aléatoire de Bernoulli (génériquement notée ) à un vecteur de variables aléatoires . La régression logistique constitue un cas particulier de modèle linéaire généralisé.
Mean absolute percentage errorThe mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics. It usually expresses the accuracy as a ratio defined by the formula: where At is the actual value and Ft is the forecast value. Their difference is divided by the actual value At. The absolute value of this ratio is summed for every forecasted point in time and divided by the number of fitted points n.
Probabilistic classificationIn machine learning, a probabilistic classifier is a classifier that is able to predict, given an observation of an input, a probability distribution over a set of classes, rather than only outputting the most likely class that the observation should belong to. Probabilistic classifiers provide classification that can be useful in its own right or when combining classifiers into ensembles. Formally, an "ordinary" classifier is some rule, or function, that assigns to a sample x a class label ŷ: The samples come from some set X (e.
Méthode des moindres carrésLa méthode des moindres carrés, indépendamment élaborée par Legendre et Gauss au début du , permet de comparer des données expérimentales, généralement entachées d’erreurs de mesure, à un modèle mathématique censé décrire ces données. Ce modèle peut prendre diverses formes. Il peut s’agir de lois de conservation que les quantités mesurées doivent respecter. La méthode des moindres carrés permet alors de minimiser l’impact des erreurs expérimentales en « ajoutant de l’information » dans le processus de mesure.
Bayesian linear regressionBayesian linear regression is a type of conditional modeling in which the mean of one variable is described by a linear combination of other variables, with the goal of obtaining the posterior probability of the regression coefficients (as well as other parameters describing the distribution of the regressand) and ultimately allowing the out-of-sample prediction of the regressand (often labelled ) conditional on observed values of the regressors (usually ).
Multinomial logistic regressionIn statistics, multinomial logistic regression is a classification method that generalizes logistic regression to multiclass problems, i.e. with more than two possible discrete outcomes. That is, it is a model that is used to predict the probabilities of the different possible outcomes of a categorically distributed dependent variable, given a set of independent variables (which may be real-valued, binary-valued, categorical-valued, etc.).
Segmented regressionSegmented regression, also known as piecewise regression or broken-stick regression, is a method in regression analysis in which the independent variable is partitioned into intervals and a separate line segment is fit to each interval. Segmented regression analysis can also be performed on multivariate data by partitioning the various independent variables. Segmented regression is useful when the independent variables, clustered into different groups, exhibit different relationships between the variables in these regions.
Classification en classes multiplesIn machine learning and statistical classification, multiclass classification or multinomial classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of three or more classes (classifying instances into one of two classes is called binary classification). While many classification algorithms (notably multinomial logistic regression) naturally permit the use of more than two classes, some are by nature binary algorithms; these can, however, be turned into multinomial classifiers by a variety of strategies.
Racine de l'erreur quadratique moyenneLa racine de l'erreur quadratique moyenne (REQM) ou racine de l'écart quadratique moyen (en anglais, root-mean-square error ou RMSE, et root-mean-square deviation ou RMSD) est une mesure fréquemment utilisée des différences entre les valeurs (valeurs d'échantillon ou de population) prédites par un modèle ou estimateur et les valeurs observées (ou vraies valeurs). La REQM représente la racine carrée du deuxième moment d'échantillonnage des différences entre les valeurs prédites et les valeurs observées.
Régression (statistiques)En mathématiques, la régression recouvre plusieurs méthodes d’analyse statistique permettant d’approcher une variable à partir d’autres qui lui sont corrélées. Par extension, le terme est aussi utilisé pour certaines méthodes d’ajustement de courbe. En apprentissage automatique, on distingue les problèmes de régression des problèmes de classification. Ainsi, on considère que les problèmes de prédiction d'une variable quantitative sont des problèmes de régression tandis que les problèmes de prédiction d'une variable qualitative sont des problèmes de classification.
Generalized least squaresIn statistics, generalized least squares (GLS) is a method used to estimate the unknown parameters in a linear regression model when there is a certain degree of correlation between the residuals in the regression model. Least squares and weighted least squares may need to be more statistically efficient and prevent misleading inferences. GLS was first described by Alexander Aitken in 1935. In standard linear regression models one observes data on n statistical units.
Simple linear regressionIn statistics, simple linear regression is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points with one independent variable and one dependent variable (conventionally, the x and y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear function (a non-vertical straight line) that, as accurately as possible, predicts the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variable. The adjective simple refers to the fact that the outcome variable is related to a single predictor.
Bayesian multivariate linear regressionIn statistics, Bayesian multivariate linear regression is a Bayesian approach to multivariate linear regression, i.e. linear regression where the predicted outcome is a vector of correlated random variables rather than a single scalar random variable. A more general treatment of this approach can be found in the article MMSE estimator. Consider a regression problem where the dependent variable to be predicted is not a single real-valued scalar but an m-length vector of correlated real numbers.
Loss functions for classificationIn machine learning and mathematical optimization, loss functions for classification are computationally feasible loss functions representing the price paid for inaccuracy of predictions in classification problems (problems of identifying which category a particular observation belongs to). Given as the space of all possible inputs (usually ), and as the set of labels (possible outputs), a typical goal of classification algorithms is to find a function which best predicts a label for a given input .
Résidu (statistiques)In statistics and optimization, errors and residuals are two closely related and easily confused measures of the deviation of an observed value of an element of a statistical sample from its "true value" (not necessarily observable). The error of an observation is the deviation of the observed value from the true value of a quantity of interest (for example, a population mean). The residual is the difference between the observed value and the estimated value of the quantity of interest (for example, a sample mean).
Mean squared prediction errorIn statistics the mean squared prediction error (MSPE), also known as mean squared error of the predictions, of a smoothing, curve fitting, or regression procedure is the expected value of the squared prediction errors (PE), the square difference between the fitted values implied by the predictive function and the values of the (unobservable) true value g. It is an inverse measure of the explanatory power of and can be used in the process of cross-validation of an estimated model.
Classement automatiquevignette|La fonction 1-x^2-2exp(-100x^2) (rouge) et les valeurs déplacées par un bruit de 0,1*N(0,1). Le classement automatique ou classification supervisée est la catégorisation algorithmique d'objets. Elle consiste à attribuer une classe ou catégorie à chaque objet (ou individu) à classer, en se fondant sur des données statistiques. Elle fait couramment appel à l'apprentissage automatique et est largement utilisée en reconnaissance de formes. En français, le classement fait référence à l'action de classer donc de « ranger dans une classe ».
Erreur typeLerreur type d'une statistique (souvent une estimation d'un paramètre) est l'écart type de sa distribution d'échantillonnage ou l'estimation de son écart type. Si le paramètre ou la statistique est la moyenne, on parle d'erreur type de la moyenne. La distribution d'échantillonnage est générée par tirage répété et enregistrements des moyennes obtenues. Cela forme une distribution de moyennes différentes, et cette distribution a sa propre moyenne et variance.
Hinge lossIn machine learning, the hinge loss is a loss function used for training classifiers. The hinge loss is used for "maximum-margin" classification, most notably for support vector machines (SVMs). For an intended output t = ±1 and a classifier score y, the hinge loss of the prediction y is defined as Note that should be the "raw" output of the classifier's decision function, not the predicted class label. For instance, in linear SVMs, , where are the parameters of the hyperplane and is the input variable(s).
Ordered logitIn statistics, the ordered logit model (also ordered logistic regression or proportional odds model) is an ordinal regression model—that is, a regression model for ordinal dependent variables—first considered by Peter McCullagh. For example, if one question on a survey is to be answered by a choice among "poor", "fair", "good", "very good" and "excellent", and the purpose of the analysis is to see how well that response can be predicted by the responses to other questions, some of which may be quantitative, then ordered logistic regression may be used.
