Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network ComputingBOINC, acronyme de Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (« infrastructure ouverte de Berkeley dédiée au calcul en réseau ») est une plate-forme de calcul distribué qui permet de gérer des projets de calcul sur la base du volontariat. Développée à l'origine pour le projet de recherche d'intelligence extraterrestre SETI@home par l'université de Californie à Berkeley, elle a été généralisée pour de nombreuses autres applications scientifiques.
Parallel algorithmIn computer science, a parallel algorithm, as opposed to a traditional serial algorithm, is an algorithm which can do multiple operations in a given time. It has been a tradition of computer science to describe serial algorithms in abstract machine models, often the one known as random-access machine. Similarly, many computer science researchers have used a so-called parallel random-access machine (PRAM) as a parallel abstract machine (shared-memory).
Adjugate matrixIn linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix A is the transpose of its cofactor matrix and is denoted by adj(A). It is also occasionally known as adjunct matrix, or "adjoint", though the latter term today normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which for a matrix is the conjugate transpose. The product of a matrix with its adjugate gives a diagonal matrix (entries not on the main diagonal are zero) whose diagonal entries are the determinant of the original matrix: where I is the identity matrix of the same size as A.
Calcul distribuéUn calcul distribué, ou réparti ou encore partagé, est un calcul ou un traitement réparti sur plusieurs microprocesseurs et plus généralement sur plusieurs unités centrales informatiques, et on parle alors d'architecture distribuée ou de système distribué. Le calcul distribué est souvent réalisé sur des clusters de calcul spécialisés, mais peut aussi être réalisé sur des stations informatiques individuelles à plusieurs cœurs. La distribution d'un calcul est un domaine de recherche des sciences mathématiques et informatiques.
Definite matrixIn mathematics, a symmetric matrix with real entries is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero real column vector where is the transpose of . More generally, a Hermitian matrix (that is, a complex matrix equal to its conjugate transpose) is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero complex column vector where denotes the conjugate transpose of Positive semi-definite matrices are defined similarly, except that the scalars and are required to be positive or zero (that is, nonnegative).
Optimizing compilerIn computing, an optimizing compiler is a compiler that tries to minimize or maximize some attributes of an executable computer program. Common requirements are to minimize a program's execution time, memory footprint, storage size, and power consumption (the last three being popular for portable computers). Compiler optimization is generally implemented using a sequence of optimizing transformations, algorithms which take a program and transform it to produce a semantically equivalent output program that uses fewer resources or executes faster.
Interprocedural optimizationInterprocedural optimization (IPO) is a collection of compiler techniques used in computer programming to improve performance in programs containing many frequently used functions of small or medium length. IPO differs from other compiler optimizations by analyzing the entire program as opposed to a single function or block of code. IPO seeks to reduce or eliminate duplicate calculations and inefficient use of memory and to simplify iterative sequences such as loops.
Memory access patternIn computing, a memory access pattern or IO access pattern is the pattern with which a system or program reads and writes memory on secondary storage. These patterns differ in the level of locality of reference and drastically affect cache performance, and also have implications for the approach to parallelism and distribution of workload in shared memory systems. Further, cache coherency issues can affect multiprocessor performance, which means that certain memory access patterns place a ceiling on parallelism (which manycore approaches seek to break).
Rafraîchissement de la mémoireLe rafraîchissement de la mémoire est un processus qui consiste à lire périodiquement les informations d'une mémoire d'ordinateur et les réécrire immédiatement sans modifications, dans le but de prévenir la perte de ces informations. Le rafraîchissement de la mémoire est requis dans les mémoires de type DRAM (dynamic random access memory), le type de mémoire vive le plus largement utilisé, et le rafraîchissement est une des caractéristiques principales de ce type de mémoire.
Uniform memory accessUniform memory access (UMA) is a shared memory architecture used in parallel computers. All the processors in the UMA model share the physical memory uniformly. In an UMA architecture, access time to a memory location is independent of which processor makes the request or which memory chip contains the transferred data. Uniform memory access computer architectures are often contrasted with non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architectures. In the NUMA architecture, each processor may use a private cache.
Cache hierarchyCache hierarchy, or multi-level caches, refers to a memory architecture that uses a hierarchy of memory stores based on varying access speeds to cache data. Highly requested data is cached in high-speed access memory stores, allowing swifter access by central processing unit (CPU) cores. Cache hierarchy is a form and part of memory hierarchy and can be considered a form of tiered storage. This design was intended to allow CPU cores to process faster despite the memory latency of main memory access.
