Recouvrement (mathématiques)Un recouvrement d'un ensemble E est une famille (X) d'ensembles dont l'union contient E, c'est-à-dire telle que tout élément de E appartient à au moins l'un des X. Certains auteurs imposent de plus que les X soient des sous-ensembles de E. Dans ce cas, les X forment un recouvrement de E (si et) seulement si leur union est égale à E, et une partition de E s'ils sont de plus non vides et deux à deux disjoints. Par exemple, pour E = {1, 2, 3, 4}, la famille (∅, {1, 2, 3}, {3, 4}) n'est qu'un recouvrement alors que ({1, 2}, {3, 4}) est une partition.
CW-complexeEn topologie algébrique, un CW-complexe est un type d'espace topologique, défini par J. H. C. Whitehead pour répondre aux besoins de la théorie de l'homotopie. L'idée était de travailler sur une classe d'objets plus grande que celle des complexes simpliciaux et possédant de meilleures propriétés du point de vue de la théorie des catégories, mais présentant comme eux des propriétés combinatoires se prêtant aux calculs. Le nom CW provient du qualificatif de l'espace topologique, en anglais : closure-finite weak topology, pour « à fermeture finie » et « topologie faible ».
Coherent sheaf cohomologyIn mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaf cohomology is a technique for producing functions with specified properties. Many geometric questions can be formulated as questions about the existence of sections of line bundles or of more general coherent sheaves; such sections can be viewed as generalized functions. Cohomology provides computable tools for producing sections, or explaining why they do not exist. It also provides invariants to distinguish one algebraic variety from another.
Cohomologie cristallineLa cohomologie cristalline est une cohomologie de Weil pour les schémas, introduite par Alexander Grothendieck en 1966 et développée par Pierre Berthelot. Elle étend le domaine d'application de la cohomologie étale en considérant les modules sur les anneaux de vecteurs de Witt sur le corps de base. Conjectures de Weil Dans l'étude des variétés différentiables compactes, la formule de Lefschetz permet de calculer le nombre de points fixes d'un morphisme de la variété dans elle-même.
Direct image functorIn mathematics, the direct image functor is a construction in sheaf theory that generalizes the global sections functor to the relative case. It is of fundamental importance in topology and algebraic geometry. Given a sheaf F defined on a topological space X and a continuous map f: X → Y, we can define a new sheaf f∗F on Y, called the direct image sheaf or the pushforward sheaf of F along f, such that the global sections of f∗F is given by the global sections of F.
Covering groupIn mathematics, a covering group of a topological group H is a covering space G of H such that G is a topological group and the covering map p : G → H is a continuous group homomorphism. The map p is called the covering homomorphism. A frequently occurring case is a double covering group, a topological double cover in which H has index 2 in G; examples include the spin groups, pin groups, and metaplectic groups.
Perverse sheafThe mathematical term perverse sheaves refers to a certain associated to a topological space X, which may be a real or complex manifold, or a more general topologically stratified space, usually singular. This concept was introduced in the thesis of Zoghman Mebkhout, gaining more popularity after the (independent) work of Joseph Bernstein, Alexander Beilinson, and Pierre Deligne (1982) as a formalisation of the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence, which related the topology of singular spaces (intersection homology of Mark Goresky and Robert MacPherson) and the algebraic theory of differential equations (microlocal calculus and holonomic D-modules of Joseph Bernstein, Masaki Kashiwara and Takahiro Kawai).
Mel-frequency cepstrumIn sound processing, the mel-frequency cepstrum (MFC) is a representation of the short-term power spectrum of a sound, based on a linear cosine transform of a log power spectrum on a nonlinear mel scale of frequency. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) are coefficients that collectively make up an MFC. They are derived from a type of cepstral representation of the audio clip (a nonlinear "spectrum-of-a-spectrum").
Ideal sheafIn algebraic geometry and other areas of mathematics, an ideal sheaf (or sheaf of ideals) is the global analogue of an ideal in a ring. The ideal sheaves on a geometric object are closely connected to its subspaces. Let X be a topological space and A a sheaf of rings on X. (In other words, (X, A) is a ringed space.) An ideal sheaf J in A is a subobject of A in the of sheaves of A-modules, i.e., a subsheaf of A viewed as a sheaf of abelian groups such that Γ(U, A) · Γ(U, J) ⊆ Γ(U, J) for all open subsets U of X.
GloVeGloVe, coined from Global Vectors, is a model for distributed word representation. The model is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations for words. This is achieved by mapping words into a meaningful space where the distance between words is related to semantic similarity. Training is performed on aggregated global word-word co-occurrence statistics from a corpus, and the resulting representations showcase interesting linear substructures of the word vector space.
Complexe différentielEn mathématiques, un complexe différentiel est un groupe abélien (voire un module), ou plus généralement un objet d'une catégorie abélienne, muni d'un endomorphisme de carré nul (appelé différentielle ou bord), c'est-à-dire dont l' est contenue dans le noyau. Cette condition permet de définir son homologie, qui constitue un invariant essentiel en topologie algébrique. Un complexe différentiel peut être gradué pour constituer un complexe de chaines ou de cochaines).
Constant sheafIn mathematics, the constant sheaf on a topological space associated to a set is a sheaf of sets on whose stalks are all equal to . It is denoted by or . The constant presheaf with value is the presheaf that assigns to each non-empty open subset of the value , and all of whose restriction maps are the identity map . The constant sheaf associated to is the sheafification of the constant presheaf associated to . This sheaf identifies with the sheaf of locally constant -valued functions on .
