Alfred and EmilyAlfred and Emily is a book by Doris Lessing in a new hybrid form. Part fiction, part notebook, part memoir, it was first published in 2008. The book is based on the lives of Lessing's parents. Part one is a novella, a fictional portrait of how her parents' lives might have been without the interruption of the First World War. Part two is a retelling of how her parents' lives really developed. The novella begins in England in 1902, when Alfred and Emily meet at a cricket match.
Proof (truth)A proof is sufficient evidence or a sufficient argument for the truth of a proposition. The concept applies in a variety of disciplines, with both the nature of the evidence or justification and the criteria for sufficiency being area-dependent. In the area of oral and written communication such as conversation, dialog, rhetoric, etc., a proof is a persuasive perlocutionary speech act, which demonstrates the truth of a proposition.
Ensemble finiEn mathématiques, un ensemble fini est un ensemble qui possède un nombre fini d'éléments, c'est-à-dire qu'il est possible de compter ses éléments, le résultat étant un nombre entier. Un ensemble infini est un ensemble qui n'est pas fini. Ainsi l'ensemble des chiffres usuels (en base dix) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} qui possède 10 éléments, est fini. De même l'ensemble des lettres de l'alphabet qui possède 26 éléments. L'ensemble de tous les nombres entiers naturels {0, 1, 2, 3,..., 10,..., 100,...
Proof by contradictionIn logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition, by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought accepts this kind of nonconstructive proof as universally valid. More broadly, proof by contradiction is any form of argument that establishes a statement by arriving at a contradiction, even when the initial assumption is not the negation of the statement to be proved.
Frank PiatekFrank Piatek (born 1944) is an American artist, known for abstract, illusionistic paintings of tubular forms and three-dimensional works exploring spirituality, cultural memory and the creative process. Piatek emerged in the mid-1960s, among a group of Chicago artists exploring various types of organic abstraction that shared qualities with the Chicago Imagists; his work, however relies more on suggestion than expressionistic representation.
Fritz le chatFritz the Cat (en français, Fritz le chat) est un personnage de comics américain créé par Robert Crumb en 1959. Figure marquante des « comics underground », cette bande dessinée pour adulte fut adaptée au cinéma à deux reprises, notamment par Ralph Bakshi en 1972. Fritz est le premier personnage créé par Robert Crumb, quand il était enfant, pour une bande dessinée réalisée avec son frère Charles. Il apparaît officiellement pour la première fois en 1959 sous le nom de Fred dans Cat Life, puis en 1960 dans une histoire intitulée Robin Hood.
Ryszard KrynickiRyszard Krynicki, né le dans le camp de Wimberg abritant des travailleurs polonais soumis au travail obligatoire à Sankt Valentin en Autriche alors annexée à l'Allemagne, est un poète, parolier, traducteur (de poésie allemande) et éditeur polonais. Il appartient, comme Adam Zagajewski, à la Nouvelle vague littéraire polonaise des années 1968 à 1976. Il grandit à Gorzów Wielkopolski et fait des études de lettres à l'Université Adam Mickiewicz de Poznań. Très jeune, il se heurte à la censure et participe à l'opposition démocratique.
Ensemble flouLa théorie des sous-ensembles flous est une théorie mathématique du domaine de l’algèbre abstraite. Elle a été développée par Lotfi Zadeh en 1965 afin de représenter mathématiquement l'imprécision relative à certaines classes d'objets et sert de fondement à la logique floue. Les sous-ensembles flous (ou parties floues) ont été introduits afin de modéliser la représentation humaine des connaissances, et ainsi améliorer les performances des systèmes de décision qui utilisent cette modélisation.
Universal setIn set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects, including itself. In set theory as usually formulated, it can be proven in multiple ways that a universal set does not exist. However, some non-standard variants of set theory include a universal set. Many set theories do not allow for the existence of a universal set. There are several different arguments for its non-existence, based on different choices of axioms for set theory. In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the axiom of regularity and axiom of pairing prevent any set from containing itself.
Tom Friedman (artist)Tom Friedman (born 1965) is an American conceptual sculptor. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri and received a BFA in graphic illustration from Washington University in St. Louis (1988) and an MFA in sculpture from the University of Illinois at Chicago (1990.). As a conceptual artist he works in diverse media including sculpture, painting, drawing, video, and installation. For over twenty years, Friedman has been investigating the viewer/object relationship, and "the space in between.
Raisonnement par disjonction de casProof by exhaustion, also known as proof by cases, proof by case analysis, complete induction or the brute force method, is a method of mathematical proof in which the statement to be proved is split into a finite number of cases or sets of equivalent cases, and where each type of case is checked to see if the proposition in question holds. This is a method of direct proof. A proof by exhaustion typically contains two stages: A proof that the set of cases is exhaustive; i.e.
Proof calculusIn mathematical logic, a proof calculus or a proof system is built to prove statements. A proof system includes the components: Language: The set L of formulas admitted by the system, for example, propositional logic or first-order logic. Rules of inference: List of rules that can be employed to prove theorems from axioms and theorems. Axioms: Formulas in L assumed to be valid. All theorems are derived from axioms. Usually a given proof calculus encompasses more than a single particular formal system, since many proof calculi are under-determined and can be used for radically different logics.
