Protection socialeLa protection sociale est l'ensemble des mécanismes de prévoyance collective qui permettent aux individus ou aux ménages de faire face financièrement aux conséquences des risques sociaux, c'est-à-dire aux situations pouvant provoquer une baisse des ressources ou une hausse des dépenses (vieillesse, maladie, invalidité, chômage, charges de famille...).
ExternalitéL'externalité caractérise le fait qu'un agent économique crée, par son activité, un effet externe en procurant à autrui, sans contrepartie monétaire, une utilité ou un avantage de façon gratuite, ou au contraire une nuisance, un dommage sans compensation (coût social, coût écosystémique, pertes de ressources pas, peu, difficilement, lentement ou coûteusement renouvelables...).
Market clearingIn economics, market clearing is the process by which, in an economic market, the supply of whatever is traded is equated to the demand so that there is no excess supply or demand, ensuring that there is neither a surplus nor a shortage. The new classical economics assumes that in any given market, assuming that all buyers and sellers have access to information and that there is no "friction" impeding price changes, prices constantly adjust up or down to ensure market clearing.
Cost-effectiveness analysisCost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost–benefit analysis, which assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect. Cost-effectiveness analysis is often used in the field of health services, where it may be inappropriate to monetize health effect.
Cost–utility analysisCost–utility analysis (CUA) is a form of economic analysis used to guide procurement decisions. The most common and well-known application of this analysis is in pharmacoeconomics, especially health technology assessment (HTA). In health economics, the purpose of CUA is to estimate the ratio between the cost of a health-related intervention and the benefit it produces in terms of the number of years lived in full health by the beneficiaries. Hence it can be considered a special case of cost-effectiveness analysis, and the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Tax revenueTax revenue is the income that is collected by governments through taxation. Taxation is the primary source of government revenue. Revenue may be extracted from sources such as individuals, public enterprises, trade, royalties on natural resources and/or foreign aid. An inefficient collection of taxes is greater in countries characterized by poverty, a large agricultural sector and large amounts of foreign aid.
Tax shiftTax shift or Tax swap is a change in taxation that eliminates or reduces one or several taxes and establishes or increases others while keeping the overall revenue the same. The term can refer to desired shifts, such as towards Pigovian taxes (typically sin taxes and ecotaxes) as well as (perceived or real) undesired shifts, such as a shift from multi-state corporations to small businesses and families.
RéglementationLa réglementation ou règlementation est, au sens large, un ensemble d'indications, de lois, de prescriptions, de règles et règlements, et autres textes juridiques régissant une activité sociale. La réglementation est rédigée par les administrations compétentes ou les personnes mandatées. La réglementation étant constituée de divers textes, elle peut couvrir divers buts. Un but de la réglementation peut être de protéger le consommateur du marchand, l'employé de l'employeur.
Elasticity of a functionIn mathematics, the elasticity or point elasticity of a positive differentiable function f of a positive variable (positive input, positive output) at point a is defined as or equivalently It is thus the ratio of the relative (percentage) change in the function's output with respect to the relative change in its input , for infinitesimal changes from a point . Equivalently, it is the ratio of the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of a function with respect to the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of the argument.
Productive efficiencyIn microeconomic theory, productive efficiency (or production efficiency) is a situation in which the economy or an economic system (e.g., bank, hospital, industry, country) operating within the constraints of current industrial technology cannot increase production of one good without sacrificing production of another good. In simple terms, the concept is illustrated on a production possibility frontier (PPF), where all points on the curve are points of productive efficiency.
Forfait fiscalEn droit suisse, le forfait fiscal ou impôt sur la dépense est un mode de calcul d'impôt simplifié où le montant à régler par le contribuable est calculé sur la base d'une somme fixe ou d'un simple pourcentage. Simplifiant le travail administratif de calcul et de collecte de l'impôt (à la fois pour le contribuable et l'administration), en particulier lorsque les montants en jeu sont faibles et ne justifient pas l'établissement d'une comptabilité trop détaillée.
DemandIn economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item is a function of an item's perceived necessity, price, perceived quality, convenience, available alternatives, purchasers' disposable income and tastes, and many other options. Innumerable factors and circumstances affect a consumer's willingness or to buy a good.
