Allocative efficiencyAllocative efficiency is a state of the economy in which production is aligned with consumer preferences; in particular, the set of outputs is chosen so as to maximize the wellbeing of society. This is achieved if every good or service is produced up until the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of production. In economics, allocative efficiency entails production at the point on the production possibilities frontier that is optimal for society.
Élasticité (économie)vignette|Elasticity-elastic En économie, l'élasticité mesure la variation d'une grandeur provoquée par la variation d'une autre grandeur. Ainsi, pour un produit donné, lorsque les volumes demandés augmentent de 15 % quand le prix de vente baisse de 10 %, l'élasticité de la demande par rapport au prix de vente est le quotient de la variation de la demande rapporté à la variation de prix de vente, soit -1,5 = (15 % / -10 %). Ici toute baisse de prix provoque une augmentation plus importante des quantités vendues.
Law of demandIn microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price".
Impôt sur le revenuL’impôt sur le revenu ou IR est un impôt direct qui porte sur les revenus des individus, des entreprises ou autres entités similaires. Impôt sur le revenu global Impôts sur le revenu au Canada Impôt fédéral sur le revenu aux États-Unis Impôt sur le revenu (France) Pour les ménages français, on parle d'impôt sur le revenu des ménages, il s'agit de l'impôt sur le revenu. Pour les entreprises françaises, il est souvent appelé impôt sur les sociétés ou « impôt sur le revenu des sociétés ».
Protection socialeLa protection sociale est l'ensemble des mécanismes de prévoyance collective qui permettent aux individus ou aux ménages de faire face financièrement aux conséquences des risques sociaux, c'est-à-dire aux situations pouvant provoquer une baisse des ressources ou une hausse des dépenses (vieillesse, maladie, invalidité, chômage, charges de famille...).
ExternalitéL'externalité caractérise le fait qu'un agent économique crée, par son activité, un effet externe en procurant à autrui, sans contrepartie monétaire, une utilité ou un avantage de façon gratuite, ou au contraire une nuisance, un dommage sans compensation (coût social, coût écosystémique, pertes de ressources pas, peu, difficilement, lentement ou coûteusement renouvelables...).
Market clearingIn economics, market clearing is the process by which, in an economic market, the supply of whatever is traded is equated to the demand so that there is no excess supply or demand, ensuring that there is neither a surplus nor a shortage. The new classical economics assumes that in any given market, assuming that all buyers and sellers have access to information and that there is no "friction" impeding price changes, prices constantly adjust up or down to ensure market clearing.
Cost-effectiveness analysisCost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost–benefit analysis, which assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect. Cost-effectiveness analysis is often used in the field of health services, where it may be inappropriate to monetize health effect.
Cost–utility analysisCost–utility analysis (CUA) is a form of economic analysis used to guide procurement decisions. The most common and well-known application of this analysis is in pharmacoeconomics, especially health technology assessment (HTA). In health economics, the purpose of CUA is to estimate the ratio between the cost of a health-related intervention and the benefit it produces in terms of the number of years lived in full health by the beneficiaries. Hence it can be considered a special case of cost-effectiveness analysis, and the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Tax shiftTax shift or Tax swap is a change in taxation that eliminates or reduces one or several taxes and establishes or increases others while keeping the overall revenue the same. The term can refer to desired shifts, such as towards Pigovian taxes (typically sin taxes and ecotaxes) as well as (perceived or real) undesired shifts, such as a shift from multi-state corporations to small businesses and families.
RéglementationLa réglementation ou règlementation est, au sens large, un ensemble d'indications, de lois, de prescriptions, de règles et règlements, et autres textes juridiques régissant une activité sociale. La réglementation est rédigée par les administrations compétentes ou les personnes mandatées. La réglementation étant constituée de divers textes, elle peut couvrir divers buts. Un but de la réglementation peut être de protéger le consommateur du marchand, l'employé de l'employeur.
Elasticity of a functionIn mathematics, the elasticity or point elasticity of a positive differentiable function f of a positive variable (positive input, positive output) at point a is defined as or equivalently It is thus the ratio of the relative (percentage) change in the function's output with respect to the relative change in its input , for infinitesimal changes from a point . Equivalently, it is the ratio of the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of a function with respect to the infinitesimal change of the logarithm of the argument.
