Mixed-member proportional representationMixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a mixed electoral system in which votes are cast for both local elections and also for overall party vote tallies, which are used to allocate additional members to produce or deepen overall proportional representation. In some MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party. In Denmark and others, the single vote cast by the voter is used for both the local election (in a multi-member or single-seat district), and for the overall top-up.
Wasted voteIn electoral systems, a wasted vote is any vote that does not receive representation in the final election outcome. This includes lost votes for a losing candidate or party, and excess votes for winning candidates in excess of the minimum needed to win. When applied to ranked-vote systems, it includes exhausted votes, votes where none of the candidates the voter ranked are elected. Wasted vote share changes from one election to another depending on voter behavior. Wasted votes can lead to political apathy.
Politique écologiquevignette|Logo du parti « Écologistes de Grèce ». La politique écologique (ou politique verte) est considérée par ses partisans comme une option politique distincte de celles des partis de gauche comme de droite, en cela que les partis verts proposent, pour assurer la protection de l'environnement, des mesures politiques peu semblables à celles des politiciens plus conventionnels.
One man, one vote"One man, one vote", or "one person, one vote", expresses the principle of equal representation in voting. This slogan is used by advocates of democracy and political equality, especially with regard to electoral reforms like universal suffrage and proportional representation. The violation of equal representation in the various systems of proportional representation can be measured with the Loosemore–Hanby index, the Gallagher index, or the amount of wasted vote.
Bulletin de voteUn bulletin de vote est un document, généralement de taille réduite, employé pour enregistrer les choix procédés par les personnes ayant le droit de vote. Selon le CNRTL, le bulletin de vote est un . Le site du dictionnaire Larousse donne une définition similaire quoique plus précise, en expliquant que le bulletin de vote est un billet . Si la création du bulletin de vote est liée au droit de vote, son usage historique est beaucoup plus récent.
International securityInternational security is a term which refers to the measures taken by states and international organizations, such as the United Nations, European Union, and others, to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national security are invariably linked. International security is national security or state security in the global arena. By the end of World War II, a new subject of academic study, security studies, focusing on international security emerged.
