The status of refrigeration solutions for last mile vaccine delivery in low-income settings

Recommendations for storage of most vaccines imply a continuous exposure to a temperature range between 0 degrees C and 10 degrees C, from the production to the administration to beneficiaries. According to the World Health Organization, more than 50% of vaccines are wasted around the world. Discontinuities of the cold chain in low-income settings where electricity is scarce contributes to this wastage. Recently, several advances have been made in cooling technologies to store and transport vaccines. This paper presents an overview of refrigeration technologies based on scientific publications, industry white papers and other grey literature. With a focus on vaccine transport, we briefly describe each refrigeration method, its best performing available devices as well as the outstanding research challenges in order to further improve its performance.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).