Spectral tuning and after-effects in neural entrainment

Neural entrainment has become a popular technique to non-invasively manipulate brain rhythms via external, periodic stimulation. However, there is still debate regarding its underlying mechanisms and effects on brain activity. Here, we used EEG recordings during a visual entrainment paradigm to assess characteristic changes in the spectral content of EEG signals due to entrainment. Our results demonstrate that entrainment not only increases synchrony between neural oscillations and the entraining stimulus but also elicits previously unreported spectral tuning effects and long-lasting after-effects. These findings offer compelling evidence for the presence of dedicated, flexible, and adaptive mechanisms for neural entrainment, which may have key roles in adjusting the sensitivity and dynamic range of brain oscillators in response to environmental temporal structures.