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This paper derives a theoretical upper bound on power transfer efficiency between shallow biomedical implants and an external device. We formulate electromagnetic optimization problems to quantify the maximum attainable radiation efficiency of an implanted antenna and the maximum power transfer efficiency of an external antenna and a shallowly implanted antenna in a lossy tissue. Numerical examples of representative shallow implant geometries validate the bounds and illustrate practical design implications. The results provide guidance for antenna designers seeking to minimize device power consumption while maintaining reliable wireless links for medical sensing and monitoring.
Christophe Ballif, Aïcha Hessler-Wyser